Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi; Uche Virginia Okpala; Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu; Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)

Received: 18 February 2022 Accepted: 14 March 2022 Published: 9 April 2022

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs are harmful persistent organic pollutants formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are carcinogenic and mutagenic and can occur in foods. These underutilized grains- guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambra nut are commonly consumed in South East Nigeria. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination levels in these underutilized grains (guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambara nut) commonly consumed in Eastern part of Nigeria. The sixteen PAHs were determined in the grain samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC- FID after extraction by sonication. The concentrations (×10^-2 µg/kg) of ∑16 PAHs in the analyzed samples were in the range of 24.07 to 36.49 in red guinea corn and red pigeon peas respectively. The lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, LMW-PAHs total mean concentrations (×10^-2 µg/kg) varied from 6.217±0.442 in red guinea corn to 10.423±6.661 in pure white bambara nut at the percentages of 25.83% and 33.51% respectively. While the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, HMW-PAHs varied from 14.835±7.178 to 27.657±14.190 respectively in white pigeon peas and red pigeon peas at the percentages of 59.34% and 75.79%. The total mean concentration levels (×10^-2 µg/kg) of ∑8 carcinogenic PAHs in samples ranged from 10.913±4.215 in white pigeon peas to 17.444±7.023 in red pigeon peas. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the samples at a very low level, below the maximum allowable limit- 1.0µg/kg established by European Food Safety Authority, EFSA for cereals and cereal-based products. But this can be harmful to human being at long time accumulation in the body. Permissible limit of PAHs in legume grains should also be established.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
Page(s)	43-47
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Bambara Nut, Underutilized, Food

References

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[8]	Williams, J. T. and Haq, N (2002). Global research on underutilized crops - an assessment of current activities and proposals for enhanced cooperation. Southampton, UK: International Centre for Underutilised Crops. ISBN 978-92-9043-545-7. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[9]	Akporhonor, E. E., Egwaikhide, P. A. and Eguavoen, T. O. (2006) Effect of Sprouting on invitro digestibility of some locally consumed leguminous seeds. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 10 (3): 55–58.
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[12]	Nutritional facts and analysis for pigeon peas (red gram) mature seed raw.
[13]	Bamshaiye O. M., Adegbola J. A., Bamishaiye E. I. (2011) Bambara groundnut: An under-utilized nut in Africa. Adv. Agric. Biotechnol, 1: 60–72.
[14]	Swanevelder C. J. (1998) Bambara—Food for Africa. National Department of Agriculture, Government Printer; Pretoria, South Africa.
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Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. (2022). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(2), 43-47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi; Uche Virginia Okpala; Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu; Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(2), 43-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

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Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(2):43-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryrose Odika and Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi and Uche Virginia Okpala and Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu and Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma},
  title = {Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-47},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs are harmful persistent organic pollutants formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are carcinogenic and mutagenic and can occur in foods. These underutilized grains- guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambra nut are commonly consumed in South East Nigeria. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination levels in these underutilized grains (guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambara nut) commonly consumed in Eastern part of Nigeria. The sixteen PAHs were determined in the grain samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC- FID after extraction by sonication. The concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑16 PAHs in the analyzed samples were in the range of 24.07 to 36.49 in red guinea corn and red pigeon peas respectively. The lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, LMW-PAHs total mean concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) varied from 6.217±0.442 in red guinea corn to 10.423±6.661 in pure white bambara nut at the percentages of 25.83% and 33.51% respectively. While the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, HMW-PAHs varied from 14.835±7.178 to 27.657±14.190 respectively in white pigeon peas and red pigeon peas at the percentages of 59.34% and 75.79%. The total mean concentration levels (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑8 carcinogenic PAHs in samples ranged from 10.913±4.215 in white pigeon peas to 17.444±7.023 in red pigeon peas. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the samples at a very low level, below the maximum allowable limit- 1.0µg/kg established by European Food Safety Authority, EFSA for cereals and cereal-based products. But this can be harmful to human being at long time accumulation in the body. Permissible limit of PAHs in legume grains should also be established.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria
AU  - Ifeoma Maryrose Odika
AU  - Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi
AU  - Uche Virginia Okpala
AU  - Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu
AU  - Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma
Y1  - 2022/04/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 43
EP  - 47
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs are harmful persistent organic pollutants formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are carcinogenic and mutagenic and can occur in foods. These underutilized grains- guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambra nut are commonly consumed in South East Nigeria. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination levels in these underutilized grains (guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambara nut) commonly consumed in Eastern part of Nigeria. The sixteen PAHs were determined in the grain samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC- FID after extraction by sonication. The concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑16 PAHs in the analyzed samples were in the range of 24.07 to 36.49 in red guinea corn and red pigeon peas respectively. The lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, LMW-PAHs total mean concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) varied from 6.217±0.442 in red guinea corn to 10.423±6.661 in pure white bambara nut at the percentages of 25.83% and 33.51% respectively. While the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, HMW-PAHs varied from 14.835±7.178 to 27.657±14.190 respectively in white pigeon peas and red pigeon peas at the percentages of 59.34% and 75.79%. The total mean concentration levels (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑8 carcinogenic PAHs in samples ranged from 10.913±4.215 in white pigeon peas to 17.444±7.023 in red pigeon peas. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the samples at a very low level, below the maximum allowable limit- 1.0µg/kg established by European Food Safety Authority, EFSA for cereals and cereal-based products. But this can be harmful to human being at long time accumulation in the body. Permissible limit of PAHs in legume grains should also be established.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Uche Virginia Okpala

Department of Chemistry Education, School of Sciences, Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, Nigeria
Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu

Department of Chemistry Education, School of Sciences, Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, Nigeria
Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma

Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. (2022). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(2), 43-47. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika; Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi; Uche Virginia Okpala; Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu; Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(2), 43-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

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AMA Style

Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(2):43-47. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryrose Odika and Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi and Uche Virginia Okpala and Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu and Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma},
  title = {Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-47},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs are harmful persistent organic pollutants formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are carcinogenic and mutagenic and can occur in foods. These underutilized grains- guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambra nut are commonly consumed in South East Nigeria. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination levels in these underutilized grains (guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambara nut) commonly consumed in Eastern part of Nigeria. The sixteen PAHs were determined in the grain samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC- FID after extraction by sonication. The concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑16 PAHs in the analyzed samples were in the range of 24.07 to 36.49 in red guinea corn and red pigeon peas respectively. The lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, LMW-PAHs total mean concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) varied from 6.217±0.442 in red guinea corn to 10.423±6.661 in pure white bambara nut at the percentages of 25.83% and 33.51% respectively. While the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, HMW-PAHs varied from 14.835±7.178 to 27.657±14.190 respectively in white pigeon peas and red pigeon peas at the percentages of 59.34% and 75.79%. The total mean concentration levels (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑8 carcinogenic PAHs in samples ranged from 10.913±4.215 in white pigeon peas to 17.444±7.023 in red pigeon peas. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the samples at a very low level, below the maximum allowable limit- 1.0µg/kg established by European Food Safety Authority, EFSA for cereals and cereal-based products. But this can be harmful to human being at long time accumulation in the body. Permissible limit of PAHs in legume grains should also be established.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria
AU  - Ifeoma Maryrose Odika
AU  - Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi
AU  - Uche Virginia Okpala
AU  - Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu
AU  - Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma
Y1  - 2022/04/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 43
EP  - 47
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs are harmful persistent organic pollutants formed by incomplete combustion of organic matter. They are carcinogenic and mutagenic and can occur in foods. These underutilized grains- guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambra nut are commonly consumed in South East Nigeria. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination levels in these underutilized grains (guinea corn, pigeon peas and bambara nut) commonly consumed in Eastern part of Nigeria. The sixteen PAHs were determined in the grain samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC- FID after extraction by sonication. The concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑16 PAHs in the analyzed samples were in the range of 24.07 to 36.49 in red guinea corn and red pigeon peas respectively. The lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, LMW-PAHs total mean concentrations (×10-2 µg/kg) varied from 6.217±0.442 in red guinea corn to 10.423±6.661 in pure white bambara nut at the percentages of 25.83% and 33.51% respectively. While the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, HMW-PAHs varied from 14.835±7.178 to 27.657±14.190 respectively in white pigeon peas and red pigeon peas at the percentages of 59.34% and 75.79%. The total mean concentration levels (×10-2 µg/kg) of ∑8 carcinogenic PAHs in samples ranged from 10.913±4.215 in white pigeon peas to 17.444±7.023 in red pigeon peas. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the samples at a very low level, below the maximum allowable limit- 1.0µg/kg established by European Food Safety Authority, EFSA for cereals and cereal-based products. But this can be harmful to human being at long time accumulation in the body. Permissible limit of PAHs in legume grains should also be established.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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