A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin

Jarumi Luka; Tijani Mohammed Isah; Olubajo Olumide Olu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

| Peer-Reviewed

A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin

Jarumi Luka, Tijani Mohammed Isah, Olubajo Olumide Olu

Published in American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 5)

Received: 13 October 2022 Accepted: 7 November 2022 Published: 22 November 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm² (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm² (109.9), 36.88 N/mm² (122.61), 41.31 N/mm² (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm² (122.35%) respectively.

Published in	American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
Page(s)	103-115
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Metakaolin, Animal Bone Ash, Consistence, Setting Time, Soundness and Compressive Strength

References

[1]	Mozhiarasi, V., & Natarajan, T. S. (2022). Slaughterhouse and poultry wastes: management practices, feedstocks for renewable energy production, and recovery of value-added products. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-24.
[2]	Alam P. Ahmade P K. (2013) Impact of solid waste on health and the environment, International Journal Sustainable Development 2, 165-168.
[3]	Ogwueleka T. (2009) Municipal Solid waste characteristics and management in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering Vol. 6 (3), 173-180.
[4]	Ayilara M. S. Olanrewaju O. S. Babalola O. O. Odeyemi O. (2020) Waste management through composting: Challenges and potentials Sustainability 12, 1-23.
[5]	Narmatha, M. and Felix, K. (2016). Metakaolin-the best material for replacement of cement. IOSR-Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 13 (4), 66-71.
[6]	Dash M. K. Patro S. K. and Rath A. K. (2016) sustainable use of industrial waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate of preparation of concrete- A review. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment Vol. 5 (2), 484-516.
[7]	Lakhani R. Kumar R. Tomar P. (2014). Utilization of stone waste in the development of value-added product. A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 7 (3), 180 -187.
[8]	Bahoria B. V., Parbat D. K. and Naganaik P. B. (2013). Replacement of natural sand in concrete by waste products: a state of art J. Environ. Res. Dev., 7, 1651-1656.
[9]	Amritpal, K. & Rajiwinda, E. (2014). Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Metakaolin and Marble Dust. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 13 (6), 126-133.
[10]	Brooks, J. J., Megat Johari, M. A., & Mazloom, M. (2012). Effect of admixtures on the setting times of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 22 (4), 293–301.
[11]	Islam, M. M. & Islam, M. S. (2015). Strength and durability characteristic of concrete made with fly-ash blended cement. Australian journal of structural engineering. 14 (3) 303-319.
[12]	Georgescu, M., and Saca, N. (2009). Properties of blended cements with limestone filler and fly ash content. Scientific Bulletin, Series B, 71 (3), 13-14, 16.
[13]	Olubajo, O., & Osha, O. (2013). Influence of bottom ash and limestone powder on the properties of ternary cement and mortar. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. 2 (7) 1201–1212.
[14]	Shekarchi, M., Bonakdar, A., Bakhshi, M., Mirdamadi, A., & Mobasher, B. (2010). Transport properties in metakaolin blended concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 24 (11), 2217-2223.
[15]	Bih N. L., Mahamat A. A., Chinweze C., Ayeni O., Bidossèssi H. J., Onwualu P. A. and Boakye E. E. (2022) The Effect of Bone Ash on the Physio-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Ceramic Bricks. Buildings 12, 1-15.
[16]	Olubajo, O., Osha, O., El-Natafty, U., & Adamu, H. (2017). A study on Coal bottom ash and limestone effects on the hydration and physico-mechanical properties of ternary cement blends. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University PhD Thesis.
[17]	Olubajo, O. O., Makarfi, I. Y., Ibrahim, M. S., Ayeni, S., Uche, N. W. (2020). A Study on ordinary Portland cement blended with rice husk ash and metakaolin. Path of Science. 6 (1) 3001-3019.
[18]	Gamelas, J., Ferraz, E., Rocha, F. (2014). An insight with the surface properties of calcined kaolinite clays: the grinding effect. Colloids and surfaces. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. (455) 49 – 57.
[19]	Tironi, A.; Trezza, M. A.; Scian, A. N.; Irassar, E. F. Kaolinitic calcined clays: Factors affecting its performance as pozzolans. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 28, 276–281.
[20]	Galán-Marín, C.; Rivera-Gómez, C.; Petric, J. Clay-based composite stabilized with natural polymer and fibre. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010, 24, 1462–1468.
[21]	Olotuah, A. Recourse to earth for low-cost housing in Nigeria. Build. Environ. 2002, 37, 123–129.
[22]	Mousavi, S. S.; Bhojaraju, C.; Ouellet-Plamondon, C. Clay as a Sustainable Binder for Concrete—A Review. Constr. Mater. 2021, 1, 134–168. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1030010 Received: 26 May.
[23]	Alujas, A.; Fernández, R.; Quintana, R.; Scrivener, K. L.; Martirena, F. Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: Influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration. Appl. Clay Sci. 2015, 108, 94–101.
[24]	A. K. Parande, R. H. Chitradevi, K. Thangavel, M. S. Karthikeyan, B. Ganesh, and N. Palaniswamy (2009) Metakaolin: a versatile material to enhance the durability of concrete – an overview Structural Concrete 10 (3), 125-138.
[25]	Kakali, G., Perraki, T., Tsivilis, S & Badogianis, E. (2016). Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science (20) 73-80.
[26]	Jagtap, S. A. (2017). Effect of metakaolin on the properties of concrete. Emerging trends in engineering, management and applied sciences. 4 (5). 717-722.
[27]	S. Tsivilis, E. Chaniotakis, G. Kakali, G. Batis (2002). An analysis of the properties of Portland limestone cements and concrete Cement & Concrete Composites 24 (2002) 371–378.
[28]	Voglis, N., Kakali, E., Chaniotakis, G., & Tsivilis, A. (2005). Portland limestone cements, their properties and hydration compared to those of other composite cements. Cement and Concrete Composites. 27 (2) 191–196.
[29]	Olubajo O. O. Abdullahi Basiru, and Osha O. A. (2019) The potential of Orange Peel Ash as a Cement Replacement Material Path of Science, Vol. 6 Issue 2 pg. 1629-1635.
[30]	Olubajo O. O., (2020) The Effect of Eggshell Powder and Saw Dust Ash on the physicomechnical properties of blended cement, American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 4 Issue 2 pg. 78-88.
[31]	EN 196-3 (2010). Methods of testing cement- part 3: determination of setting times and soundness. European Standards.
[32]	Bureau of Indian Standards. (1988). Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Part 3: Determination of soundness of cement paste (IS 4031: 1988). New Delhi.
[33]	ASTM, 2008. C618-08a: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
[34]	Neville, A. M. (2011). Properties of Concrete, [5th ed.], London: Pearson Education Limited.
[35]	Munir, M. J.; Abbas, S.; Nehdi, M. L.; Kazmi, S. M. S.; Khitab, A. Development of Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating Recycled Marble Powder. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2018, 30, 04018069.
[36]	El-Diadamony, H., Amer, A. A., Sokkary, T. M., & El-Hoseny, S. (2015). Hydration and Characteristics of Metakaolin Pozzolanic Cement Pastes. HBRC Journal, 14 (2), 150–158.
[37]	Oriyomi, M. O., Festus, A. O., Lanre, O. O. (2018). Durability performance of cow-bone ash (CBA) blended cement concrete in aggressive environment. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8 (12), 37-40.
[38]	Fernandez, R., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2011). The origin of the pozzolanic activity of calcined clay minerals: A comparison between kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (1) 113–122.
[39]	Younesi, M.; Javadpour, S.; Bahrololoom, M. E. Effect of heat treatment temperature on chemical compositions of extracted hydroxyapatite from bovine bone ash. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2011, 20, 1484–1490.
[40]	Obianyo, I.; Onwualu, A. P.; Soboyejo, A. B. (2020). Mechanical behaviour of lateritic soil stabilized with bone ash and hydrated lime for sustainable building applications. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 12.
[41]	Dave, N., Misra, A. K., Srivastava, A. and Kaushik, S. K. (2016) Setting time and standard consistency of quaternary binders: The influence of cementitious material addition and mixing, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 1-7.
[42]	Wang, B. M., Ma, H. N., Li, M., & Han, Y. (2013). Effect of metakaolin on the physical properties and setting time of high-performance concrete. Key Engineering Materials, 539, 195–199.
[43]	Kumar, A., Tomar, A., Gupta, Sh., & Kumar, A. (2016). Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Rice Husk Ash. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, 3 (7), 127–134.
[44]	Ipavec A., Vuk T., Gabrovsek R. Kaucic V. (2013) Chloride binding into hydrated blended cement: influence of limestone and alkalinity cement and concrete 48, 74-85.
[45]	Olubajo O. O., Osha O. A. and Abubakar J. (2020) Setting Times of Portland Cement Blended with Locust Bean Pod and Eggshell Ashes, American Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 8 Issue 5 pg. 103-111.
[46]	Chatterji, S. (2011). Mechanism of expansion of concrete due to the presence of dead-burnt CaO and MgO. Cement and Concrete Research, 25 (1), 51–56.
[47]	Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., and Glasser, F. (2017). The Role of Calcium Carbonate in Cement Hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 37 (4), 551–558.
[48]	Xie, J.; Zhang, H.; Duan, L.; Yang, Y.; Yan, J.; Shan, D.; Liu, X.; Pang, J.; Chen, Y.; Li, X. Effect of nano metakaolin on compressive strength of recycled concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 256, 119393.
[49]	Karoline, M. and Arnoldo, B. (2015). Effect of Metakaolin Finesses and Content in Self-Consolidating Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 24 (8), 1529–1535.
[50]	Olubajo O. O. and Osha O. A. (2020) The Effect of Eggshell Powder and Glass powder on the Water Consistency, Setting Time of Ternary Cement UTM Conference ICOST, Proceedings for ICost Conference in Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering- Springer ISBN 2195-4356.
[51]	Olubajo, O. O., S. M. Waziri and B. O. Aderemi (2014). “Kinetic of the decomposition of alum sourced from Kankara kaolin’ International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 2 pg. 1629-1635.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jarumi Luka, Tijani Mohammed Isah, Olubajo Olumide Olu. (2022). A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 10(5), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Jarumi Luka; Tijani Mohammed Isah; Olubajo Olumide Olu. A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Jarumi Luka, Tijani Mohammed Isah, Olubajo Olumide Olu. A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. Am J Chem Eng. 2022;10(5):103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12,
  author = {Jarumi Luka and Tijani Mohammed Isah and Olubajo Olumide Olu},
  title = {A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {103-115},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20221005.12},
  abstract = {The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin
AU  - Jarumi Luka
AU  - Tijani Mohammed Isah
AU  - Olubajo Olumide Olu
Y1  - 2022/11/22
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 103
EP  - 115
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
AB  - The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Jarumi Luka

Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Tijani Mohammed Isah

Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Olubajo Olumide Olu

Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jarumi Luka, Tijani Mohammed Isah, Olubajo Olumide Olu. (2022). A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 10(5), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Jarumi Luka; Tijani Mohammed Isah; Olubajo Olumide Olu. A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Jarumi Luka, Tijani Mohammed Isah, Olubajo Olumide Olu. A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin. Am J Chem Eng. 2022;10(5):103-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12,
  author = {Jarumi Luka and Tijani Mohammed Isah and Olubajo Olumide Olu},
  title = {A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {103-115},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20221005.12},
  abstract = {The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Study on Portland Limestone Cement Blended with Animal Bone Ash and Metakaolin
AU  - Jarumi Luka
AU  - Tijani Mohammed Isah
AU  - Olubajo Olumide Olu
Y1  - 2022/11/22
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 103
EP  - 115
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20221005.12
AB  - The increased discriminate disposal of agricultural wastes from slaughter houses has become a serious concern resulting in contamination of human environment, thus there is a need to consider utilizing such waste to solve the challenges faced in the production of cement. This study examines the impact of cement replacement with Animal Bone Ash (ABA) and Metakaolin (MK) up to 12.5 wt.% on the physical and mechanical properties of blended cement. The consistence, setting times and soundness test were conducted on thirty-six ABA- MK-cement pastes via Vicat and Le Chatelier apparatus respectively while the mortar strength tests were conducted using a compression testing machine at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. The chemical analysis for MK revealed that the sum of oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron content was greater than 70% (97.06 wt.%) and thus, a good pozzolan according to ASTMC 618 whereas ABA was less than 70%, but could be regarded as a cementitious filler/additive. Results revealed ABA comprising mainly lime (53.86 wt.%) and Phosphate (40.96 wt.%) from X-ray analyses which agreed with X-ray diffractogram and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Results indicated a slightly higher water consistency between 32 to 36%; a higher volume expansion (unsoundness) between 0.5 – 5 mm whereas the accelerated initial setting time (260 to 126 mins) and retarded final setting time (183 to 315 mins) as the cement replacement was gradually increased. An increase in the blending ratio led to a slightly higher water consistency between 32 – 36%; increment in the volume expansion from 0.5 – 5 mm and lower setting times. Most of the cement blends exhibited enhanced 28 days mortar strengths in comparison with control despite diminution of clinker content due to pozzolanic activity. An increase in strength gain for all cement blends and control were experienced as the curing days were extended despite clinker diminution. The highest strength gain for various testing days and comparison with control: 28.33 N/mm2 (106.5%), 32.42 N/mm2 (109.9), 36.88 N/mm2 (122.61), 41.31 N/mm2 (120.37) and 50.91 N/mm2 (122.35%) respectively.
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download