Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence

Received: 11 December 2023    Accepted: 8 January 2024    Published: 11 January 2024
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Thyroid cancer is the most common thyroid malignant tumor, and its incidence rate is on the rise in most countries. Iodine is an essential trace element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the human body. Long term excessive iodine can induce thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodules, but its relationship with the occurrence of thyroid cancer is uncertain. There may be regional differences and some confusing or interfering factors, due to the influence of iodine intake and dietary habits on the final iodine nutritional status of the human body, and the influence of water iodine content on the iodine nutritional status of the human body. In recent years, researchers have revealed the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer through ecological studies of regional water iodine distribution, dietary iodine and thyroid cancer, but the results are controversial. In the epidemiological studies on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and thyroid cancer in residents, there is no conclusion on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and iodine level of thyroid cancer patients and whether MUI can truly reflect the iodine nutrition level of thyroid cancer patients. This article reviews the research progress and controversies on the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer, and comments on the possible reasons for the controversies, providing reference for future research.

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11
Page(s) 1-7
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Iodine, Thyroid Cancer, TSH, BRAF

References
[1] Haroon Al Rasheed MR, Xu B. Molecular Alterations in Thyroid Carcinoma [J]. Surg Pathol Clin, 2019, 12(4): 921-930. DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2019.08.002.
[2] Pitoia F, Smulever A. Active surveillance in low risk papillary thyroid carcinoma [J]. World J Clin Oncol, 2020, 11(6): 320-336. DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i6.320.
[3] Deng Y, Li H, Wang M, et al. Global Burden of Thyroid Cancer From 1990 to 2017 [J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(6): 1-14. DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i6.320.
[4] Barrea L, Gallo M, Ruggeri RM, et al. Nutritional status and follicular-derived thyroid cancer: An update [J]. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2021, 61(1): 25-59. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.
[5] Zhao H, Li H, Huang T. High Urinary Iodine, Thyroid Autoantibodies, and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Risk [J]. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2018, 184(2): 317-324. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1209-6.
[6] Li Y, Ba J, Chen B, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Universal Salt Iodiztion on Thyroid Disorders: Epidemiological Evidence from 31 Provinces of Mainland China. [J]. Thyroid, 2019, 30(4): 568-579. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0067.
[7] Ivanova LB, Vukov MI, et al. Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Bulgaria before and after the Introduction of Universal Salt Iodization: An Analysis of the National Cancer Registry Date [J]. Balkan Med J, 2020, 37(6): 330-335. DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2019.10.5.
[8] Kim K, Cho SW, Park YJ, et al. Association between Iodine Intake, Thyroid Function, and Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Control Study [J]. Endocrinol Metab, 2021, 36(4): 790-799. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2021.1034.
[9] Winder M, Kosztyła Z, Boral A, et al. The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer [J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(11): 2209-2209. DOI: 10.3390/nu14112209.
[10] Memon A, Varghese A, Suresh A. Benign thyroid disease and dietary factors in thyroid cancer: a case-control study in Kuwait [J]. Br J Cancer, 2002, 86(11): 1745-1750. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600303.
[11] Asif F, Noor-Ul-Amin M, Jabeen R. Identification of thyroid cancer risk factors incidence in urban and rural areas, Pakistan [J]. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020, 33(6): 2607-2610. DOI: 10.36721/PJPS.2020.33.6.REG.2607-2610.1.
[12] Zamora-Ros R, Castañeda J, Rinaldi S, et al. Consumption of Fish Is Not Associated with Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study [J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2017, 147(7): 1366-1373. DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.247874.
[13] Cléro É, Doyon F, Chungue V, et al. Dietary iodine and thyroid cancer risk in French Polynesia: a case-control study [J]. Thyroid, 2012, 22(4): 422-429. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0173.
[14] Cao LZ, Peng XD, Xie JP, et al. The relationship between iodine intake and the risk of thyroid cancer: meta-analysis [J]. Medicine, 2017, 96(20): 1-5. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006734.
[15] Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, et al. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China [J]. N Engl J Med, 2006, 354(26): 2783-2793. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054022.
[16] Lv C, Yang Y, Jiang L, et al. Association between chronic exposure to different water iodine and thyroid cancer: A retrospective study from 1995 to 2014 [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2017; 609(12): 735-741. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.101.
[17] Adalsteinsdottir S, Tryggvadottir EA, Hrolfsdottir L, et al. Insufficient iodine status in pregnant women as a consequence of dietary changes [J]. Food & Nutrition Research, 2020, 64(10): 29219-29219. DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3653.
[18] Nystrm HF, Brantster AL, Erlund I, et al. Iodine status in the Nordic countries – past and present [J]. Food & Nutrition Research, 2016, 60(1): 31969-31969. DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31969.
[19] Zhang YL, Li P, Liu Z Y, et al. Does relatively low iodine intake contribute to thyroid cancer? An ecological comparison of epidemiology [J]. Medicine, 2019, 98(41): 17539-17539. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017539.
[20] Bertinato J. Iodine nutrition: Disorders, monitoring and policies [J]. Adv Food Nutr Res, 2021, 96(2021): 365-415. DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.01.004.
[21] Hou CC, Liu ZH, Li F, et al. An investigation of iodine intake and iodine nutrition status of pregnant women in different water iodine areas of Tianjin [J]. Chin J Endemiol, 2022, 41(5): 373-378. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn231583-20210805-00252.
[22] Zhang XD, Jia QZ, Guo BS. An investigation of the source and the nutritional status of iodine after termination of iodized salt supply in high water iodine areas in Shanxi province [J]. Chin J Endemiol, 2013, 32(2): 196-200. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2013.02.020.
[23] Hou D, Xu H, Li P, et al. Potential role of iodine excess in papillary thyroid cancer and benign thyroid tumor: A case-control study [J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2020, 29(3): 603-608. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.20200929(3).0020.
[24] Ma X, Zhang LI, Yang ww, et al. Corraltion of Serum Selenium and Urinary Iodine Levels with Thyroid Cancer [J]. Chinese General Practice, 2017, 20(34): 4270-4274. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.34.011.
[25] Yang T, Zhang JY, Huang YH, et al. Correlation between iodine nutrition and differentiated thyroid cance in the past 12 years [J]. Guangdong Medicl Journal, 2015, 36(20): 3208-3210. DOI: 10.13820/j.cnki.gdyx.20151104.013.
[26] Chen XI, Qian HB, Hong J, et al. Strong Correlation of Abnormal Serum and Urinary Iodine Levels with Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Case-control Study [J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(1): 62-67. DOI: 10.3967/bes2020.009.
[27] Zimmermann MB, Galetti V. Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a com prehensive review of animal and human studies [J]. Thyroid Research, 2015, 8(1): 1-21. DOI: 10.1186/s13044-015-0020-8.
[28] Wang Y, Wang W. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in Shanghai, China 1983-2007 [J]. Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015, 27(2): 223-229. DOI: 10.1177/1010539512436874.
[29] Song J, Wang ZY, Zhu ZN, et al. Iodine Nutritional Status and Goiter Rates in Children Aged 8-10 Years Before and After Universal Salt Iodization in Shanghai [J]. Environmental & Occupational Medicine, 2016, 33(3): 256-258. DOI: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2016.15181.
[30] Huang F, Cong W, Xiao J, et al. Association between excessive chronic iodine exposure and the occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma [J]. Oncology letters, 2020, 20(5): 189. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12051.
[31] Yan AR, Zhang X, Shen H, et al. Urinary iodine is increased in papillary thyroid carcinoma but is not altered by regional population iodine intake status: a meta-analysis and implications [J]. Endocrine Journal, 2019, 66(6): 497-514. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0532.
[32] Jasim S, Baranski TJ, Teefey SA, et al. Investigating the Effect of Thyroid Nodule Location on the Risk of Thyroid Cancer [J]. Thyroid, 2020, 30(3): 401-407. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0478.
[33] Kornelius E, Lo SC, Huang CN, et al. The Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Thyroid Nodule 3 Cm Or Larger - ScienceDirect [J]. Endocrine Practice, 2020, 26(11): 1286-1290. DOI: 10.4158/EP-2020-0136.
[34] He NL, Li H, An W, et al. Study on constructing the U-shaped response relationship of urinary iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence based on piecewise function quantile regression method [J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2020, 54(11): 1268-1274. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20200322-00403.
[35] Jia QZ, Guo JM, Wang QP, et al. The prevalence of thyroid nodule in adults in different water iodine areas of Shanxi Province [J]. Chin J Endemiol, 2020, 39(3): 187-190. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cma.j.cn231583-20190725-00205.
[36] Wang MH, Cai XY, Chen ZF, et al. Correlation between urinary iodine, salt iodine, and thyroid nodules in children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women in different regions of Fujian Province [J]. ChinJ Endemiol, 2022, 41(3): 209-215. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn231583-20210415-00125.
[37] Gao M, Chen W, Sun H, et al. Excessive iodine intake is associated with formation of thyroid nodules in pregnant Chinese women [J]. Nutr Res, 2019, 66(5): 61-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.009.
[38] Kim HJ, Kim NK, Park HK, et al. Strong association of relatively low and extremely excessive iodine intakes with thyroid cancer in an iodine-replete area [J]. European Journal of Nutrition, 2016, 6(3): 1-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1144-2.
[39] Carvalho DP, Dupuy C. Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and release [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 2017, 458(2017): 6-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.038.
[40] Schmutzler C, Köhrle J. Implications of the molecular characterization of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) [J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 1998, 106(13): S1-S10. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1212036.
[41] Cazarin J, Dupuy C, Pires de Carvalho D. Redox Homeostasis in Thyroid Cancer: Implications in Na+/I- Symporter (NIS) Regulation [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(11): 1-15. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116129.
[42] Morais RM, Sobrinho AB, Souza SCM, et al. The Role of the NIS (SLC5A5) Gene in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review [J]. Int J Endocrinol, 2018, 2018(9): 1-11. DOI: 10.1155/2018/9128754.
[43] Ma Y, He J, Shen N, et al. Expression of NIS, VEGF-A and Thyroid Autoa ntibody in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with or without Hashimoto's Disease [J]. ORL, 2019, 81(5-6): 1-6. DOI: 10.1159/000501620.
[44] Ullmann TM, Liang H, Moore MD, et al. Dual inhibition of BRAF and MEK increases expression of sodium iodide symporter in patient-derived papillary thyroid cancer cells in vitror [J]. Surgery, 2020, 167(1): 56-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.04.076.
[45] Trovisco V, Soares P, Preto A, et al. Molecular genetics of papillary thyroid carcinoma: great expectations [J]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2007, 51(5): 643-653. DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500002.
[46] Prete A, Souza PBD, Censi S, et al. Update on Fundamental Mechanisms of Throid Cancer [J]. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2020, 11(1): 102-102. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00102.
[47] Poller DN, Glaysher S. Molecular pathology and thyroid FNA [J]. Cytopathology, 2017, 28(6): 475-481. DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12492.
[48] Shimamura M, Kurashige T, Kuatov R, et al. Acceleration of BRAFV600E -induced thyroid carcinogenesis by TGFβsignal deficiency in mice [J]. 2020, 13(8): 571-577. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02298-1.
[49] Kim M, Kim S J, Xu Z, et al. BRAFV600E Transduction of SV40-immortalized Normal Human Thyroid Cell Line Induces Dedifferentiated Thyroid Carcinogenesis in a Mouse Xenograft Model [J]. Thyroid, 2020, 30(4): 487-500. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0301.
[50] Kim HJ, Park HK, Byun DW, et al. Iodine intake as a risk factor for BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer patients from an iodine-replete area [J]. Eur J Nutr, 2018, 57(2): 809-815. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1370-2.
[51] Özçelik S, Bircan R, Sarıkaya Ş, et al. BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid cancer is correlated with adverse clinicopathological features but not with iodine exposure [J]. Endokrynol Pol, 2019, 70(5): 401-408. DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2019.0025.
[52] Vuong HG, Kondo T, Oishi N, et al. Genetic alterations of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in iodine-rich and iodine-deficient countries [J]. Cancer Medicine, 2016, 5(8): 1883-1889. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.781.
[53] Jing Z, Xiaochen Z, Yanan L, et al. Low dose of Bisphenol A enhance the susceptibility of thyroid carcinoma stimulated by DHPN and iodine excess in F344 rats [J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(41): 69874-69887. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19434.
[54] Liu XH, Chen GG, Vlantis AC, et al. Iodine mediated mechanisms and thyroid carcinoma [J]. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2009, 46(5-6): 302-318. DOI: 10.3109/1040836 0903306384.
[55] Zhang D, Xu X, Li J, et al. High iodine effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells as a result of autophagy induced by BRAF kinase [J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2019, 120(1): 109476-109476. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109476.
[56] Jeon MJ, Kim WG, Kwon H, et al. Excessive Iodine Intake and Thyrotropin Reference Interval: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examinat ion Survey [J]. Thyroid, 2017, 27(7): 967-972. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0078.
[57] Sun Y, Du X, Shan Z, et al. Effects of iodine excess on serum thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels and type 2 deiodinase in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats [J]. Br J Nutr, 2021, 12(8): 1-30. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114521002592.
[58] Colbert L, Cristo AP, Faccin CS, et al. Serum TSH levels as a predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules: A prospective study [J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(11): 1-12. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188123.
[59] M AE. Preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone associated risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules [J]. Cell Mol Biol, 2021, 67(3): 85-91. DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2021.67.3.11.
[60] Su A, Zhao W, Wu W, et al. The association of preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone level and the risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Am J Surg, 2020, 220(3): 634-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.009.
[61] Fernández-Trujillo C, Pérez-Zaballos J, Rodríguez-Pérez CA, et al. TSH Level and Risk of Malignancy in Patients with Bethesda Category IV Thyroid Nodules [J]. Horm Cancer, 2020, 11(3-4): 200-204. DOI: 10.1007/s12672-020-00384-4.
[62] Krashin E, Silverman B, Steinberg DM, et al. Opposing effects of thyroid hormones on cancer risk: a population-based study [J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2021, 184(3): 477-486. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-20-1123.
[63] Wang G, Ren N, Wang S, et al. Serum TSH is not a risk factor for malignancy of pediatric thyroid nodules [J]. Endocrine-related cancer, 2021, 28(4): 247-255. DOI: 10.1530/ERC-20-0508.
[64] Franco AT, Malaguarnera R, Refetoff S, et al. Thyrotrophin receptor signaling dependence of Braf-induced thyroid tumor initiation in mice [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 108(4): 1615-1620. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015557108.
[65] Shimamura M, Shibusawa N, Kurashige T, et al. Mouse models of sporadic thyroid cancer derived from BRAFV600E alone or in combination with PTEN haploinsufficient under physiologic TSH levels [J]. PLoS ONE, 2018, 13(8): 1-19. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201365.
[66] Wu Z, Xi Z, Xiao Y, et al. TSH-TSHR axis promotes tumor immune evasion [J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(1): 4049-4049. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004049.
[67] Qu M, Wan S, Ren B, et al. Association between TSHR gene methylation and papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis [J]. Endocrine, 2020, 69(3): 508-515. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02284-7.
[68] Mon SY, Riedlinger G, Abbott CE, et al. Cancer risk and clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid nodules harboring thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutations [J]. Diagn Cytopathol, 2018, 46(5): 369-377. DOI: 10.1002/dc.23915.
[69] Zhou C, Li J, Wang Y, et al. Association of BRAF gene and TSHR with cervical lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma [J]. Oncol Lett, 2019, 17(1): 183-194. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9572.
[70] Chu YD, Yeh CT. The Molecular Function and Clinical Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Cancer Cells [J]. Cells, 2020, 9(7): 1730-1747. DOI: 10.3390/cells9071730.
[71] Li T, Qian M. Whether iodized salt consumption increases thyroid cancer incidence Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2021, 30(2): 311-315. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.20210630(2).0017.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Feng, Z., Na, L., Guiran, Y. (2024). Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence. American Journal of Health Research, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Feng, Z.; Na, L.; Guiran, Y. Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence. Am. J. Health Res. 2024, 12(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Feng Z, Na L, Guiran Y. Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence. Am J Health Res. 2024;12(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11,
      author = {Zhou Feng and Liu Na and Yang Guiran},
      title = {Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence},
      journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
      volume = {12},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-7},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20241201.11},
      abstract = {Thyroid cancer is the most common thyroid malignant tumor, and its incidence rate is on the rise in most countries. Iodine is an essential trace element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the human body. Long term excessive iodine can induce thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodules, but its relationship with the occurrence of thyroid cancer is uncertain. There may be regional differences and some confusing or interfering factors, due to the influence of iodine intake and dietary habits on the final iodine nutritional status of the human body, and the influence of water iodine content on the iodine nutritional status of the human body. In recent years, researchers have revealed the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer through ecological studies of regional water iodine distribution, dietary iodine and thyroid cancer, but the results are controversial. In the epidemiological studies on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and thyroid cancer in residents, there is no conclusion on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and iodine level of thyroid cancer patients and whether MUI can truly reflect the iodine nutrition level of thyroid cancer patients. This article reviews the research progress and controversies on the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer, and comments on the possible reasons for the controversies, providing reference for future research.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Research Progress and Controversy on the Relationship Between Iodine Excess and Thyroid Cancer Occurrence
    AU  - Zhou Feng
    AU  - Liu Na
    AU  - Yang Guiran
    Y1  - 2024/01/11
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11
    T2  - American Journal of Health Research
    JF  - American Journal of Health Research
    JO  - American Journal of Health Research
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 7
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8796
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20241201.11
    AB  - Thyroid cancer is the most common thyroid malignant tumor, and its incidence rate is on the rise in most countries. Iodine is an essential trace element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the human body. Long term excessive iodine can induce thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid nodules, but its relationship with the occurrence of thyroid cancer is uncertain. There may be regional differences and some confusing or interfering factors, due to the influence of iodine intake and dietary habits on the final iodine nutritional status of the human body, and the influence of water iodine content on the iodine nutritional status of the human body. In recent years, researchers have revealed the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer through ecological studies of regional water iodine distribution, dietary iodine and thyroid cancer, but the results are controversial. In the epidemiological studies on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and thyroid cancer in residents, there is no conclusion on the correlation between urinary iodine concentration and iodine level of thyroid cancer patients and whether MUI can truly reflect the iodine nutrition level of thyroid cancer patients. This article reviews the research progress and controversies on the relationship between iodine excess and thyroid cancer, and comments on the possible reasons for the controversies, providing reference for future research.
    
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Office of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China

  • Department of Public Courses, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China

  • Office of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China

  • Sections