Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye

Norbert Lauinger

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye

Norbert Lauinger^*

Published in American Journal of Optics and Photonics (Volume 12, Issue 1)

Received: 9 February 2024 Accepted: 4 March 2024 Published: 20 March 2024

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Abstract

Image processing in the retina of the eye has thus far been mainly dealt with analogous to photographic ray optics i. e., imaging lens optics and photodiode arrays. However, it does not offer an answer to the questions that are crucial to human vision: WHAT a visible object invariantly represents conceptually (a house, a tree, etc.), WHERE it is located in relation to other objects in space or which RGB-colors and/or luminosities collaborate locally. For this purpose, ray optics needs to be supplemented by diffractive wave optics, which can be described as Fresnel near-field interference in cellular or spatial gratings. The fact that interference optics plays a decisive role in vision has already been proven by the fact that in binocular vision the image brightness is preserved when closing one eye. However, with the introduction of interference-wave-optics and especially with Fresnel Nearfield interference optics the cortico-retinal image processing now becomes possible in the eye, i.e. in the retina of the peripheral visual organ. Fresnel Nearfield interference optics especially allows multilayer proceeding and a better understanding of hierarchical imaging systems. It clearly becomes apparent in the di- and trichromatic proceeding and by the separation of color proceeding from invariant object form proceeding. Color - as an example - is not produced at the visual objects and also not in the cortex, but in the Fresnel space of the retina.

Published in	American Journal of Optics and Photonics (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
Page(s)	1-8
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cortical Imageprocessing in the Retina, Introduction of Papilla, Fovea and Nuclear Layers, Human Vision, Retinex and Inverted Retina Concepts, Brain-in-the-Eye-Concept

References

[1]	Bach, I., Seefelder R., Atlas zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Auges, Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig/Berlin, 1914.
[2]	Bargmann, W., Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen, Verlag Thieme, Stuttgart, 1967.
[3]	Blechschmidt, E., Die Entwicklungsbewegungen der menschlichen Retina zur Zeit der Irisentstehung, Ophtalmologica 154, 1967, pp. 531-550.
[4]	Franke, G., Photographische Optik, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Frankfurt, 1964.
[5]	Glezer, V. D., Vision and Mind. Modeling Mental Functions, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah New Jersey, 1995.
[6]	Hogan, M. J., J. A. Alvarado, J. E. Weddell, Histology of the Human Eye, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia – London – Toronto, 1971.
[7]	Lau, E., Beugungserscheinungen an Doppelrastern, Annalen der Physik, 2. 6, 1948, pp. 417-423.
[8]	Laue von, M., Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler Kom. Ges., Leipzig.
[9]	Lauinger, N. The Human Eye, an Intelligent Optical Sensor, IFSA 2014.
[10]	Lauinger, N. Space grating optical structure of the retina and RGB-color vision, appliedoptics, Vol. 56, No. 4, Februar 1/2017, pp. 1281-1285.
[11]	Lauinger, N. Fresnel Nearfield Space-GratingOptics in the Human Retina Explains Human Color and Dimlight Vision in: S. Yurish, Advances in Optics: Reviews, Vol. 1, IFSA 2018, pp. 415-435.
[12]	Lauinger, N. Paradoxa in the Blueprint of the Visual Organ: Their Contribution to ´Intelligent´ Vision, in: American Journal of Optics and Photonics, Vol. 8, August 13, 2020, pp. 40-50.
[13]	Mann, I., The Development of the Human Eye, 2nd Edition British Medical Ass. London, 1949.

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APA Style

Lauinger, N. (2024). Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. American Journal of Optics and Photonics, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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ACS Style

Lauinger, N. Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. Am. J. Opt. Photonics 2024, 12(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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AMA Style

Lauinger N. Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. Am J Opt Photonics. 2024;12(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11,
  author = {Norbert Lauinger},
  title = {Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye},
  journal = {American Journal of Optics and Photonics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-8},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajop.20241201.11},
  abstract = {Image processing in the retina of the eye has thus far been mainly dealt with analogous to photographic ray optics i. e., imaging lens optics and photodiode arrays. However, it does not offer an answer to the questions that are crucial to human vision: WHAT a visible object invariantly represents conceptually (a house, a tree, etc.), WHERE it is located in relation to other objects in space or which RGB-colors and/or luminosities collaborate locally. For this purpose, ray optics needs to be supplemented by diffractive wave optics, which can be described as Fresnel near-field interference in cellular or spatial gratings. The fact that interference optics plays a decisive role in vision has already been proven by the fact that in binocular vision the image brightness is preserved when closing one eye. However, with the introduction of interference-wave-optics and especially with Fresnel Nearfield interference optics the cortico-retinal image processing now becomes possible in the eye, i.e. in the retina of the peripheral visual organ. Fresnel Nearfield interference optics especially allows multilayer proceeding and a better understanding of hierarchical imaging systems. It clearly becomes apparent in the di- and trichromatic proceeding and by the separation of color proceeding from invariant object form proceeding. Color - as an example - is not produced at the visual objects and also not in the cortex, but in the Fresnel space of the retina.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye
AU  - Norbert Lauinger
Y1  - 2024/03/20
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
T2  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
JF  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
JO  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
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PB  - Science Publishing Group
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AB  - Image processing in the retina of the eye has thus far been mainly dealt with analogous to photographic ray optics i. e., imaging lens optics and photodiode arrays. However, it does not offer an answer to the questions that are crucial to human vision: WHAT a visible object invariantly represents conceptually (a house, a tree, etc.), WHERE it is located in relation to other objects in space or which RGB-colors and/or luminosities collaborate locally. For this purpose, ray optics needs to be supplemented by diffractive wave optics, which can be described as Fresnel near-field interference in cellular or spatial gratings. The fact that interference optics plays a decisive role in vision has already been proven by the fact that in binocular vision the image brightness is preserved when closing one eye. However, with the introduction of interference-wave-optics and especially with Fresnel Nearfield interference optics the cortico-retinal image processing now becomes possible in the eye, i.e. in the retina of the peripheral visual organ. Fresnel Nearfield interference optics especially allows multilayer proceeding and a better understanding of hierarchical imaging systems. It clearly becomes apparent in the di- and trichromatic proceeding and by the separation of color proceeding from invariant object form proceeding. Color - as an example - is not produced at the visual objects and also not in the cortex, but in the Fresnel space of the retina.

VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Norbert Lauinger

Institute for Optical Sensors, Wetzlar, Germany

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Lauinger, N. (2024). Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. American Journal of Optics and Photonics, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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ACS Style

Lauinger, N. Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. Am. J. Opt. Photonics 2024, 12(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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AMA Style

Lauinger N. Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye. Am J Opt Photonics. 2024;12(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11,
  author = {Norbert Lauinger},
  title = {Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye},
  journal = {American Journal of Optics and Photonics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-8},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajop.20241201.11},
  abstract = {Image processing in the retina of the eye has thus far been mainly dealt with analogous to photographic ray optics i. e., imaging lens optics and photodiode arrays. However, it does not offer an answer to the questions that are crucial to human vision: WHAT a visible object invariantly represents conceptually (a house, a tree, etc.), WHERE it is located in relation to other objects in space or which RGB-colors and/or luminosities collaborate locally. For this purpose, ray optics needs to be supplemented by diffractive wave optics, which can be described as Fresnel near-field interference in cellular or spatial gratings. The fact that interference optics plays a decisive role in vision has already been proven by the fact that in binocular vision the image brightness is preserved when closing one eye. However, with the introduction of interference-wave-optics and especially with Fresnel Nearfield interference optics the cortico-retinal image processing now becomes possible in the eye, i.e. in the retina of the peripheral visual organ. Fresnel Nearfield interference optics especially allows multilayer proceeding and a better understanding of hierarchical imaging systems. It clearly becomes apparent in the di- and trichromatic proceeding and by the separation of color proceeding from invariant object form proceeding. Color - as an example - is not produced at the visual objects and also not in the cortex, but in the Fresnel space of the retina.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Three Prenatal Developments in the Retina Allow for Cortico-Retinal Image Processing in Situ in the Eye
AU  - Norbert Lauinger
Y1  - 2024/03/20
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
T2  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
JF  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
JO  - American Journal of Optics and Photonics
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8494
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajop.20241201.11
AB  - Image processing in the retina of the eye has thus far been mainly dealt with analogous to photographic ray optics i. e., imaging lens optics and photodiode arrays. However, it does not offer an answer to the questions that are crucial to human vision: WHAT a visible object invariantly represents conceptually (a house, a tree, etc.), WHERE it is located in relation to other objects in space or which RGB-colors and/or luminosities collaborate locally. For this purpose, ray optics needs to be supplemented by diffractive wave optics, which can be described as Fresnel near-field interference in cellular or spatial gratings. The fact that interference optics plays a decisive role in vision has already been proven by the fact that in binocular vision the image brightness is preserved when closing one eye. However, with the introduction of interference-wave-optics and especially with Fresnel Nearfield interference optics the cortico-retinal image processing now becomes possible in the eye, i.e. in the retina of the peripheral visual organ. Fresnel Nearfield interference optics especially allows multilayer proceeding and a better understanding of hierarchical imaging systems. It clearly becomes apparent in the di- and trichromatic proceeding and by the separation of color proceeding from invariant object form proceeding. Color - as an example - is not produced at the visual objects and also not in the cortex, but in the Fresnel space of the retina.

VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download