Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method

Juliao Monjane; Dercio Chemane; Amandio Zimba; Paulo Dimande; Amalia Uamusse

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method

Juliao Monjane, Dercio Chemane, Amandio Zimba, Paulo Dimande, Amalia Uamusse

Published in American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 9 March 2021 Accepted: 25 March 2021 Published: 22 July 2021

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Abstract

The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last years due to its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications, as well as the biodegradability properties. The present study aimed to describe for the first time, the preparation of chitosan from chitin using wood ash aqueous extract as an alkaline medium. Chitin was obtained from crab shells in a microbial fermentation process using fish viscera for protease. Pilled and milled sweet potatoes and cassava water extracts were used separately in the deproteinization and demineralization steps as sources of carbon. The obtained chitin samples were then converted into the respective chitosan samples (B-C2 and M-B2) by an innovative, low-cost, and eco-friendly method using an aqueous extract (pH=12.4) prepared from wood ash, instead of the chemical process using sodium hydroxide solution in the deacetylation of chitin. The yield of the obtained chitosan was found to be 11.5% for B-C2 and 9.4% for M-C2. The presence of chitosan was determined by the analysis of the FTIR spectrum of both samples. The degree of acetylation was found to be 77.3% and 83.2% for B-C2 and M-B2, respectively, based on the IR analysis of absorption bands at 3456 and 1636 cm^-1, and 75.4% and 84.1% based on the potentiometric titration. The average molecular weight (192.1 kDa for B-C2 and 194.3 kDa for M-B2) was determined using the viscometer method. The solubility of B-C2 and M-B2 in 1% acetic acid was found to be 77.8% and 63.9%, respectively. The analysis of SEM photographs of B-C2 showed an amorphous morphology while M-B2 showed a crystalline morphology. The TGA and DSC curves obtained in a dynamic air atmosphere showed three degradation stages. In the main event (the second stage), an exothermic peak was observed at 355°C for B-C2 coupled with the weigh-loss of 7%, while for M-C2 was observed at 365°C coupled with weight-loss of 10%. Due to their high degree of deacetylation, low molecular weight, and viscosity, both chitosan samples could be utilized unambiguously in the agri-food field as a biofertilizer or as a bio-adsorbent in the wastewater treatment.

Published in	American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
Page(s)	29-37
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chitosan, Crab Shells, Enzymatic Treatment, Aqueous Extract Of wood Ashes, Sources of Carbon

References

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[2]	Sirvas-Cornejo S, Perochena-Escalante E. Biotechnological recovery of chitin from crustacean waste. Rev Peru Biol. 2020; 27 (1): 95–102.
[3]	Tan YN, Lee PP, Chen WN. Microbial extraction of chitin from seafood waste using sugars derived from fruit waste-stream. AMB Express. 2020; 10 (17): 1–11.
[4]	Mahmoud MG, Kady EM El, Asker MS. Chitin, chitosan and glucan. Properties and applications. World J Agric Soil Sci. 2019; 3 (1): 1–19.
[5]	Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Li X, Szczesna-Antczak M, Darooch M. Enzymatic modifications of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides. Front Bioeng Biotehnol. 2019; 7: 1–26.
[6]	Varan N. The use of titration technique and FTIR bands to determine the deacetylation degree of chitosan samples. J Text Sci Eng. 2017; 7 (1): 1–4.
[7]	Chandrasekharan A, Hwang YJ, Seong KY, Park S, Kim S, Yang SY. Acid-treated water-soluble chitosan suitable for microneedle-assisted intracutaneous drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11 (5): 1–14.
[8]	Kasongo JK, Tubadi DJ, Bampole LD, Kaniki TA, Kanda NJM, Lukumu ME. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Termitomyces titanicus. SN Appl Sci. 2020; 2 (3): 406–413.
[9]	Serafimova EK, Mladenov M, Mihailova I, Pelovski Y. Study on the characteristics of waste wood ash. J Univ Chem Technol Metall. 2011; 46 (1): 31–4.
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[12]	Jung WJ, Kuk JH, Kim KY, Park RD. Demineralization of red crab shell waste by lactic acid fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005; 67: 851–4.
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[14]	Teng WL, Khor E, Tan TK, Lin LY, TAN SC. Concurrent production of chitin from shrimp shells and fungi. Carbohydr Res. 2007; 332 (3): 305–16.
[15]	Sweidan K, Jaber A, Al-jbour N, Obaidat R, Al- M. Further investigation on the degree of deacetylation of chitosan determined by potentiometric titration. J Excipients Food Chem. 2011; 2 (1): 16–25.
[16]	Ziegler-borowska M, Chełminiak D, Kaczmarek-ke H, Kaczmarek-Ke A. Effect of side substituents on thermal stability of the modified chitosan and its nanocomposites with magnetite. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016; 124: 1267–80.
[17]	Guinesi LS. The use of DSC curves to determine the acetylation degree of chitin/chitosan samples. Thermochim Acta. 2006; 444: 128–33.
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[19]	Monjane J, Dimande P, Zimba A, Nhachengo E, Teles E, Ndima H, Uamusse A. Antifungal activity of biopesticides and their effects on the growth parameters and yield of maize and pigeon pea. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020; 4 (9): 512–5.

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Juliao Monjane, Dercio Chemane, Amandio Zimba, Paulo Dimande, Amalia Uamusse. (2021). Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 7(2), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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ACS Style

Juliao Monjane; Dercio Chemane; Amandio Zimba; Paulo Dimande; Amalia Uamusse. Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2021, 7(2), 29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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AMA Style

Juliao Monjane, Dercio Chemane, Amandio Zimba, Paulo Dimande, Amalia Uamusse. Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2021;7(2):29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12,
  author = {Juliao Monjane and Dercio Chemane and Amandio Zimba and Paulo Dimande and Amalia Uamusse},
  title = {Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method},
  journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {29-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  abstract = {The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last years due to its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications, as well as the biodegradability properties. The present study aimed to describe for the first time, the preparation of chitosan from chitin using wood ash aqueous extract as an alkaline medium. Chitin was obtained from crab shells in a microbial fermentation process using fish viscera for protease. Pilled and milled sweet potatoes and cassava water extracts were used separately in the deproteinization and demineralization steps as sources of carbon. The obtained chitin samples were then converted into the respective chitosan samples (B-C2 and M-B2) by an innovative, low-cost, and eco-friendly method using an aqueous extract (pH=12.4) prepared from wood ash, instead of the chemical process using sodium hydroxide solution in the deacetylation of chitin. The yield of the obtained chitosan was found to be 11.5% for B-C2 and 9.4% for M-C2. The presence of chitosan was determined by the analysis of the FTIR spectrum of both samples. The degree of acetylation was found to be 77.3% and 83.2% for B-C2 and M-B2, respectively, based on the IR analysis of absorption bands at 3456 and 1636 cm-1, and 75.4% and 84.1% based on the potentiometric titration. The average molecular weight (192.1 kDa for B-C2 and 194.3 kDa for M-B2) was determined using the viscometer method. The solubility of B-C2 and M-B2 in 1% acetic acid was found to be 77.8% and 63.9%, respectively. The analysis of SEM photographs of B-C2 showed an amorphous morphology while M-B2 showed a crystalline morphology. The TGA and DSC curves obtained in a dynamic air atmosphere showed three degradation stages. In the main event (the second stage), an exothermic peak was observed at 355°C for B-C2 coupled with the weigh-loss of 7%, while for M-C2 was observed at 365°C coupled with weight-loss of 10%. Due to their high degree of deacetylation, low molecular weight, and viscosity, both chitosan samples could be utilized unambiguously in the agri-food field as a biofertilizer or as a bio-adsorbent in the wastewater treatment.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method
AU  - Juliao Monjane
AU  - Dercio Chemane
AU  - Amandio Zimba
AU  - Paulo Dimande
AU  - Amalia Uamusse
Y1  - 2021/07/22
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
T2  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
SP  - 29
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5986
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
AB  - The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last years due to its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications, as well as the biodegradability properties. The present study aimed to describe for the first time, the preparation of chitosan from chitin using wood ash aqueous extract as an alkaline medium. Chitin was obtained from crab shells in a microbial fermentation process using fish viscera for protease. Pilled and milled sweet potatoes and cassava water extracts were used separately in the deproteinization and demineralization steps as sources of carbon. The obtained chitin samples were then converted into the respective chitosan samples (B-C2 and M-B2) by an innovative, low-cost, and eco-friendly method using an aqueous extract (pH=12.4) prepared from wood ash, instead of the chemical process using sodium hydroxide solution in the deacetylation of chitin. The yield of the obtained chitosan was found to be 11.5% for B-C2 and 9.4% for M-C2. The presence of chitosan was determined by the analysis of the FTIR spectrum of both samples. The degree of acetylation was found to be 77.3% and 83.2% for B-C2 and M-B2, respectively, based on the IR analysis of absorption bands at 3456 and 1636 cm-1, and 75.4% and 84.1% based on the potentiometric titration. The average molecular weight (192.1 kDa for B-C2 and 194.3 kDa for M-B2) was determined using the viscometer method. The solubility of B-C2 and M-B2 in 1% acetic acid was found to be 77.8% and 63.9%, respectively. The analysis of SEM photographs of B-C2 showed an amorphous morphology while M-B2 showed a crystalline morphology. The TGA and DSC curves obtained in a dynamic air atmosphere showed three degradation stages. In the main event (the second stage), an exothermic peak was observed at 355°C for B-C2 coupled with the weigh-loss of 7%, while for M-C2 was observed at 365°C coupled with weight-loss of 10%. Due to their high degree of deacetylation, low molecular weight, and viscosity, both chitosan samples could be utilized unambiguously in the agri-food field as a biofertilizer or as a bio-adsorbent in the wastewater treatment.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Juliao Monjane

Department of Chemistry, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
Dercio Chemane

Rural Development High School, Eduardo Mondlane University, Vilankulo, Mozambique
Amandio Zimba

Rural Development High School, Eduardo Mondlane University, Vilankulo, Mozambique
Paulo Dimande

Rural Development High School, Eduardo Mondlane University, Vilankulo, Mozambique
Amalia Uamusse

Department of Chemistry, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique

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APA Style

Juliao Monjane, Dercio Chemane, Amandio Zimba, Paulo Dimande, Amalia Uamusse. (2021). Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 7(2), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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ACS Style

Juliao Monjane; Dercio Chemane; Amandio Zimba; Paulo Dimande; Amalia Uamusse. Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2021, 7(2), 29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

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AMA Style

Juliao Monjane, Dercio Chemane, Amandio Zimba, Paulo Dimande, Amalia Uamusse. Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2021;7(2):29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12,
  author = {Juliao Monjane and Dercio Chemane and Amandio Zimba and Paulo Dimande and Amalia Uamusse},
  title = {Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method},
  journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {29-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20210702.12},
  abstract = {The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last years due to its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications, as well as the biodegradability properties. The present study aimed to describe for the first time, the preparation of chitosan from chitin using wood ash aqueous extract as an alkaline medium. Chitin was obtained from crab shells in a microbial fermentation process using fish viscera for protease. Pilled and milled sweet potatoes and cassava water extracts were used separately in the deproteinization and demineralization steps as sources of carbon. The obtained chitin samples were then converted into the respective chitosan samples (B-C2 and M-B2) by an innovative, low-cost, and eco-friendly method using an aqueous extract (pH=12.4) prepared from wood ash, instead of the chemical process using sodium hydroxide solution in the deacetylation of chitin. The yield of the obtained chitosan was found to be 11.5% for B-C2 and 9.4% for M-C2. The presence of chitosan was determined by the analysis of the FTIR spectrum of both samples. The degree of acetylation was found to be 77.3% and 83.2% for B-C2 and M-B2, respectively, based on the IR analysis of absorption bands at 3456 and 1636 cm-1, and 75.4% and 84.1% based on the potentiometric titration. The average molecular weight (192.1 kDa for B-C2 and 194.3 kDa for M-B2) was determined using the viscometer method. The solubility of B-C2 and M-B2 in 1% acetic acid was found to be 77.8% and 63.9%, respectively. The analysis of SEM photographs of B-C2 showed an amorphous morphology while M-B2 showed a crystalline morphology. The TGA and DSC curves obtained in a dynamic air atmosphere showed three degradation stages. In the main event (the second stage), an exothermic peak was observed at 355°C for B-C2 coupled with the weigh-loss of 7%, while for M-C2 was observed at 365°C coupled with weight-loss of 10%. Due to their high degree of deacetylation, low molecular weight, and viscosity, both chitosan samples could be utilized unambiguously in the agri-food field as a biofertilizer or as a bio-adsorbent in the wastewater treatment.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Production of Chitosan from Crab Shells Using an Aqueous Extract of Wood Ash for the Deacetylation of Chitin: An Innovative, Eco-friendly, and Low-cost Method
AU  - Juliao Monjane
AU  - Dercio Chemane
AU  - Amandio Zimba
AU  - Paulo Dimande
AU  - Amalia Uamusse
Y1  - 2021/07/22
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
T2  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
SP  - 29
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5986
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20210702.12
AB  - The importance of chitosan has grown significantly over the last years due to its medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications, as well as the biodegradability properties. The present study aimed to describe for the first time, the preparation of chitosan from chitin using wood ash aqueous extract as an alkaline medium. Chitin was obtained from crab shells in a microbial fermentation process using fish viscera for protease. Pilled and milled sweet potatoes and cassava water extracts were used separately in the deproteinization and demineralization steps as sources of carbon. The obtained chitin samples were then converted into the respective chitosan samples (B-C2 and M-B2) by an innovative, low-cost, and eco-friendly method using an aqueous extract (pH=12.4) prepared from wood ash, instead of the chemical process using sodium hydroxide solution in the deacetylation of chitin. The yield of the obtained chitosan was found to be 11.5% for B-C2 and 9.4% for M-C2. The presence of chitosan was determined by the analysis of the FTIR spectrum of both samples. The degree of acetylation was found to be 77.3% and 83.2% for B-C2 and M-B2, respectively, based on the IR analysis of absorption bands at 3456 and 1636 cm-1, and 75.4% and 84.1% based on the potentiometric titration. The average molecular weight (192.1 kDa for B-C2 and 194.3 kDa for M-B2) was determined using the viscometer method. The solubility of B-C2 and M-B2 in 1% acetic acid was found to be 77.8% and 63.9%, respectively. The analysis of SEM photographs of B-C2 showed an amorphous morphology while M-B2 showed a crystalline morphology. The TGA and DSC curves obtained in a dynamic air atmosphere showed three degradation stages. In the main event (the second stage), an exothermic peak was observed at 355°C for B-C2 coupled with the weigh-loss of 7%, while for M-C2 was observed at 365°C coupled with weight-loss of 10%. Due to their high degree of deacetylation, low molecular weight, and viscosity, both chitosan samples could be utilized unambiguously in the agri-food field as a biofertilizer or as a bio-adsorbent in the wastewater treatment.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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