Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade; Adamu Umar Chinade; Ahmad Batari; Saeed Modibbo Saeed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade, Adamu Umar Chinade, Ahmad Batari, Saeed Modibbo Saeed

Published in Composite Materials (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 15 August 2021 Accepted: 22 September 2021 Published: 24 November 2021

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Abstract

This paper reviews the effect of various admixtures in view of increasing strength and reducing deformation characteristics of black cotton soil from studies carried out by different researchers. Stabilization of black cotton soil is targeted at providing stable and durable engineering structures. It becomes necessary when materials intended for foundation and pavement construction failed to meet the requirement in civil engineering practice. Black cotton soil from north-eastern part of Nigeria and different locations around the world are mostly classified as A-7-6 soils by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); CH high plasticity clay soils by Unified Soil Classification System (UCSC) and high swell potential BCS by Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI). Experiment conducted include; Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Sieve/hydrometer Analysis, Free Swell, Compaction, Triaxial, Shear Box, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Soil characteristics such as the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), CBR values, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction were improved significantly by admixtures such as lime, cement, E-waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and steel mill ore, while admixtures such as groundnut ash, bagasse ash and plantain peel powder demonstrated unsatisfactory improvement when used as standalone. Thus, it can be concluded that black cotton soil when stabilized with admixtures such as lime, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, E-waste, and still mill ore can be used in foundation and pavement construction. This study finally recommends the supplementary use of weak admixtures with some rather cementitious material to achieve a strong and durable foundation.

Published in	Composite Materials (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
Page(s)	37-45
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stabilization, Black Cotton Soil, Admixtures

References

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APA Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade, Adamu Umar Chinade, Ahmad Batari, Saeed Modibbo Saeed. (2021). Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Composite Materials, 5(2), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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ACS Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade; Adamu Umar Chinade; Ahmad Batari; Saeed Modibbo Saeed. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Compos. Mater. 2021, 5(2), 37-45. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade, Adamu Umar Chinade, Ahmad Batari, Saeed Modibbo Saeed. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Compos Mater. 2021;5(2):37-45. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12,
  author = {Umar Yerima Mai-Bade and Adamu Umar Chinade and Ahmad Batari and Saeed Modibbo Saeed},
  title = {Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-45},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20210502.12},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the effect of various admixtures in view of increasing strength and reducing deformation characteristics of black cotton soil from studies carried out by different researchers. Stabilization of black cotton soil is targeted at providing stable and durable engineering structures. It becomes necessary when materials intended for foundation and pavement construction failed to meet the requirement in civil engineering practice. Black cotton soil from north-eastern part of Nigeria and different locations around the world are mostly classified as A-7-6 soils by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); CH high plasticity clay soils by Unified Soil Classification System (UCSC) and high swell potential BCS by Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI). Experiment conducted include; Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Sieve/hydrometer Analysis, Free Swell, Compaction, Triaxial, Shear Box, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Soil characteristics such as the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), CBR values, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction were improved significantly by admixtures such as lime, cement, E-waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and steel mill ore, while admixtures such as groundnut ash, bagasse ash and plantain peel powder demonstrated unsatisfactory improvement when used as standalone. Thus, it can be concluded that black cotton soil when stabilized with admixtures such as lime, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, E-waste, and still mill ore can be used in foundation and pavement construction. This study finally recommends the supplementary use of weak admixtures with some rather cementitious material to achieve a strong and durable foundation.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review
AU  - Umar Yerima Mai-Bade
AU  - Adamu Umar Chinade
AU  - Ahmad Batari
AU  - Saeed Modibbo Saeed
Y1  - 2021/11/24
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 37
EP  - 45
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
AB  - This paper reviews the effect of various admixtures in view of increasing strength and reducing deformation characteristics of black cotton soil from studies carried out by different researchers. Stabilization of black cotton soil is targeted at providing stable and durable engineering structures. It becomes necessary when materials intended for foundation and pavement construction failed to meet the requirement in civil engineering practice. Black cotton soil from north-eastern part of Nigeria and different locations around the world are mostly classified as A-7-6 soils by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); CH high plasticity clay soils by Unified Soil Classification System (UCSC) and high swell potential BCS by Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI). Experiment conducted include; Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Sieve/hydrometer Analysis, Free Swell, Compaction, Triaxial, Shear Box, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Soil characteristics such as the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), CBR values, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction were improved significantly by admixtures such as lime, cement, E-waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and steel mill ore, while admixtures such as groundnut ash, bagasse ash and plantain peel powder demonstrated unsatisfactory improvement when used as standalone. Thus, it can be concluded that black cotton soil when stabilized with admixtures such as lime, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, E-waste, and still mill ore can be used in foundation and pavement construction. This study finally recommends the supplementary use of weak admixtures with some rather cementitious material to achieve a strong and durable foundation.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade

Department Of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Adamu Umar Chinade

Department Of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Ahmad Batari

Department Of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Saeed Modibbo Saeed

Department Of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

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APA Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade, Adamu Umar Chinade, Ahmad Batari, Saeed Modibbo Saeed. (2021). Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Composite Materials, 5(2), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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ACS Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade; Adamu Umar Chinade; Ahmad Batari; Saeed Modibbo Saeed. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Compos. Mater. 2021, 5(2), 37-45. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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AMA Style

Umar Yerima Mai-Bade, Adamu Umar Chinade, Ahmad Batari, Saeed Modibbo Saeed. Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review. Compos Mater. 2021;5(2):37-45. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12,
  author = {Umar Yerima Mai-Bade and Adamu Umar Chinade and Ahmad Batari and Saeed Modibbo Saeed},
  title = {Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review},
  journal = {Composite Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {37-45},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20210502.12},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the effect of various admixtures in view of increasing strength and reducing deformation characteristics of black cotton soil from studies carried out by different researchers. Stabilization of black cotton soil is targeted at providing stable and durable engineering structures. It becomes necessary when materials intended for foundation and pavement construction failed to meet the requirement in civil engineering practice. Black cotton soil from north-eastern part of Nigeria and different locations around the world are mostly classified as A-7-6 soils by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); CH high plasticity clay soils by Unified Soil Classification System (UCSC) and high swell potential BCS by Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI). Experiment conducted include; Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Sieve/hydrometer Analysis, Free Swell, Compaction, Triaxial, Shear Box, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Soil characteristics such as the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), CBR values, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction were improved significantly by admixtures such as lime, cement, E-waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and steel mill ore, while admixtures such as groundnut ash, bagasse ash and plantain peel powder demonstrated unsatisfactory improvement when used as standalone. Thus, it can be concluded that black cotton soil when stabilized with admixtures such as lime, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, E-waste, and still mill ore can be used in foundation and pavement construction. This study finally recommends the supplementary use of weak admixtures with some rather cementitious material to achieve a strong and durable foundation.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Various Admixtures: A Review
AU  - Umar Yerima Mai-Bade
AU  - Adamu Umar Chinade
AU  - Ahmad Batari
AU  - Saeed Modibbo Saeed
Y1  - 2021/11/24
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
T2  - Composite Materials
JF  - Composite Materials
JO  - Composite Materials
SP  - 37
EP  - 45
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7103
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20210502.12
AB  - This paper reviews the effect of various admixtures in view of increasing strength and reducing deformation characteristics of black cotton soil from studies carried out by different researchers. Stabilization of black cotton soil is targeted at providing stable and durable engineering structures. It becomes necessary when materials intended for foundation and pavement construction failed to meet the requirement in civil engineering practice. Black cotton soil from north-eastern part of Nigeria and different locations around the world are mostly classified as A-7-6 soils by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO); CH high plasticity clay soils by Unified Soil Classification System (UCSC) and high swell potential BCS by Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI). Experiment conducted include; Atterberg’s Limits, Specific Gravity, Sieve/hydrometer Analysis, Free Swell, Compaction, Triaxial, Shear Box, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Soil characteristics such as the maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), CBR values, shear strength, cohesion, and angle of internal friction were improved significantly by admixtures such as lime, cement, E-waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and steel mill ore, while admixtures such as groundnut ash, bagasse ash and plantain peel powder demonstrated unsatisfactory improvement when used as standalone. Thus, it can be concluded that black cotton soil when stabilized with admixtures such as lime, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, E-waste, and still mill ore can be used in foundation and pavement construction. This study finally recommends the supplementary use of weak admixtures with some rather cementitious material to achieve a strong and durable foundation.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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