Additive manufacturing (AM) comes under the category of advanced manufacturing techniques that enables the manufacture of complex shaped components with reduction in multi-part assemblies, production lead times and weight. Maraging steel is a strategic material for manufacturing of components such as rocket motor casings, bulkheads etc. in defence and aerospace sectors. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AM technique has been explored in fabrication of Maraging steel components for end-use applications. In many applications, additively manufactured maraging steel parts are required to be welded to conventional material and it is important to understand weldability of these materials and their characteristics to ensure good bonding between the parts. It is also necessary to assess how welding process may affect the microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties of the AM maraging steel. In the present study, welding of AM maraging steel AM300 with conventional MDN250 was explored. With the available optimized parameters, maraging steel plates (160x100x6mm3) were additively manufactured at low porosity without any defects of soot and spatter. The effect of heat treatment conditions on the volume fraction of reverted austenite in AM300 was also studied to arrive at an appropriate condition before carrying out the welding of AM300 plates. XRD and EBSD analysis revealed the formation of very fine reverted austenite in the as-deposited (AD) and Direct-aged (DA) conditions at the cell boundaries. Specimens when subjected to solution-treated and aged (STA) condition had almost eliminated the formation of reverted austenite at room temperature. Thus, the AM processed plates were subjected to solution treatment before carrying out the TIG welding of AM300 to MDN250 plates using W2 filler. Weldments of AM300-W2-MDN250 showed the formation of Fusion zone (FZ) and dark band Heat affected Zones (HAZ) on both the sides of FZ. Weld specimens subjected to ageing times at 490°C for 3.5hrs and 6hrs have shown similar average hardness values in AM300, FZ and MDN250 as 700HV, 675HV and 650HV respectively. Tensile strength and %El of as-welded, aged (3.5hrs) and aged (6hrs) specimens were evaluated to be 925MPa, 2.7%; 1730MPa, 2.4%; 1850MPa, 1.4% respectively. The tensile strength of AM300-W2-MDN250 weldment aged to 3.5hrs is found to be higher than that of conventional MDN250 weldment, but with about 60% reduction in ductility. However, higher weld strength being the main criteria, the joining of AM300 to MDN250 can be considered as a viable option for relevant applications.
| Published in | International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 11, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11 |
| Page(s) | 100-112 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Additive Manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Maraging Steel, TIG Welding, Microstructural Characterization, Porosity
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APA Style
Ramesh Kumar Saride, Srinivas Vajjala, Brijesh Patel, Suraj Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, et al. (2023). Welding Studies and Characterisation of Additively Manufactured LPBF Maraging Steel. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 11(5), 100-112. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11
ACS Style
Ramesh Kumar Saride; Srinivas Vajjala; Brijesh Patel; Suraj Kumar; Rajesh Kumar, et al. Welding Studies and Characterisation of Additively Manufactured LPBF Maraging Steel. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2023, 11(5), 100-112. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11
AMA Style
Ramesh Kumar Saride, Srinivas Vajjala, Brijesh Patel, Suraj Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, et al. Welding Studies and Characterisation of Additively Manufactured LPBF Maraging Steel. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2023;11(5):100-112. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11,
author = {Ramesh Kumar Saride and Srinivas Vajjala and Brijesh Patel and Suraj Kumar and Rajesh Kumar and Laxminarayana Pappula and Jagan Reddy Ginuga},
title = {Welding Studies and Characterisation of Additively Manufactured LPBF Maraging Steel},
journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
pages = {100-112},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20231105.11},
abstract = {Additive manufacturing (AM) comes under the category of advanced manufacturing techniques that enables the manufacture of complex shaped components with reduction in multi-part assemblies, production lead times and weight. Maraging steel is a strategic material for manufacturing of components such as rocket motor casings, bulkheads etc. in defence and aerospace sectors. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AM technique has been explored in fabrication of Maraging steel components for end-use applications. In many applications, additively manufactured maraging steel parts are required to be welded to conventional material and it is important to understand weldability of these materials and their characteristics to ensure good bonding between the parts. It is also necessary to assess how welding process may affect the microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties of the AM maraging steel. In the present study, welding of AM maraging steel AM300 with conventional MDN250 was explored. With the available optimized parameters, maraging steel plates (160x100x6mm3) were additively manufactured at low porosity without any defects of soot and spatter. The effect of heat treatment conditions on the volume fraction of reverted austenite in AM300 was also studied to arrive at an appropriate condition before carrying out the welding of AM300 plates. XRD and EBSD analysis revealed the formation of very fine reverted austenite in the as-deposited (AD) and Direct-aged (DA) conditions at the cell boundaries. Specimens when subjected to solution-treated and aged (STA) condition had almost eliminated the formation of reverted austenite at room temperature. Thus, the AM processed plates were subjected to solution treatment before carrying out the TIG welding of AM300 to MDN250 plates using W2 filler. Weldments of AM300-W2-MDN250 showed the formation of Fusion zone (FZ) and dark band Heat affected Zones (HAZ) on both the sides of FZ. Weld specimens subjected to ageing times at 490°C for 3.5hrs and 6hrs have shown similar average hardness values in AM300, FZ and MDN250 as 700HV, 675HV and 650HV respectively. Tensile strength and %El of as-welded, aged (3.5hrs) and aged (6hrs) specimens were evaluated to be 925MPa, 2.7%; 1730MPa, 2.4%; 1850MPa, 1.4% respectively. The tensile strength of AM300-W2-MDN250 weldment aged to 3.5hrs is found to be higher than that of conventional MDN250 weldment, but with about 60% reduction in ductility. However, higher weld strength being the main criteria, the joining of AM300 to MDN250 can be considered as a viable option for relevant applications.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Welding Studies and Characterisation of Additively Manufactured LPBF Maraging Steel AU - Ramesh Kumar Saride AU - Srinivas Vajjala AU - Brijesh Patel AU - Suraj Kumar AU - Rajesh Kumar AU - Laxminarayana Pappula AU - Jagan Reddy Ginuga Y1 - 2023/09/08 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11 T2 - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications JF - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications JO - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications SP - 100 EP - 112 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-0248 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20231105.11 AB - Additive manufacturing (AM) comes under the category of advanced manufacturing techniques that enables the manufacture of complex shaped components with reduction in multi-part assemblies, production lead times and weight. Maraging steel is a strategic material for manufacturing of components such as rocket motor casings, bulkheads etc. in defence and aerospace sectors. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AM technique has been explored in fabrication of Maraging steel components for end-use applications. In many applications, additively manufactured maraging steel parts are required to be welded to conventional material and it is important to understand weldability of these materials and their characteristics to ensure good bonding between the parts. It is also necessary to assess how welding process may affect the microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties of the AM maraging steel. In the present study, welding of AM maraging steel AM300 with conventional MDN250 was explored. With the available optimized parameters, maraging steel plates (160x100x6mm3) were additively manufactured at low porosity without any defects of soot and spatter. The effect of heat treatment conditions on the volume fraction of reverted austenite in AM300 was also studied to arrive at an appropriate condition before carrying out the welding of AM300 plates. XRD and EBSD analysis revealed the formation of very fine reverted austenite in the as-deposited (AD) and Direct-aged (DA) conditions at the cell boundaries. Specimens when subjected to solution-treated and aged (STA) condition had almost eliminated the formation of reverted austenite at room temperature. Thus, the AM processed plates were subjected to solution treatment before carrying out the TIG welding of AM300 to MDN250 plates using W2 filler. Weldments of AM300-W2-MDN250 showed the formation of Fusion zone (FZ) and dark band Heat affected Zones (HAZ) on both the sides of FZ. Weld specimens subjected to ageing times at 490°C for 3.5hrs and 6hrs have shown similar average hardness values in AM300, FZ and MDN250 as 700HV, 675HV and 650HV respectively. Tensile strength and %El of as-welded, aged (3.5hrs) and aged (6hrs) specimens were evaluated to be 925MPa, 2.7%; 1730MPa, 2.4%; 1850MPa, 1.4% respectively. The tensile strength of AM300-W2-MDN250 weldment aged to 3.5hrs is found to be higher than that of conventional MDN250 weldment, but with about 60% reduction in ductility. However, higher weld strength being the main criteria, the joining of AM300 to MDN250 can be considered as a viable option for relevant applications. VL - 11 IS - 5 ER -
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