| Peer-Reviewed

Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes

Received: 29 March 2022    Accepted: 15 April 2022    Published: 28 April 2022
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The question of whether e-cigarettes are a useful tool for smoking cessation is part of an ongoing and highly controversial scientific debate. In practice, however, the number of people trying to quit tobacco consumption by using these products is steadily increasing. This discussion article provides an outline of the current state of research on the issue of whether and to what extent e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking. Of course, e-cigarettes also have a certain potential for harm, especially if nicotine dependence is unnecessarily prolonged. Nevertheless, it can make an important contribution to harm reduction in nicotine consumption. Hence, the product should get treated as a serious alternative to nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) in the scientific discussion. Like NRTs, e-cigarettes offer a less harmful way of consuming nicotine that greatly reduces many of the health risks associated with tobacco consumption, such as the absorption of carcinogenic substances. Recent studies and reviews suggest that the product can be at least as effective as nicotine replacement therapies in helping people quit smoking. Individual studies even demonstrate the increased effectiveness of e-cigarettes in supporting smoking cessation. Nevertheless, the review of the current literature shows that more high-quality research is needed to further understand the product and its properties. In terms of the harm reduction approach, however, it would already be more appropriate to also rely on e-cigarettes instead of trying to force immediate and complete nicotine abstinence. After all, in the process of quitting smoking, the fastest possible cessation of the more unhealthy consumption of tobacco should be prioritized in order to immediately minimize unnecessary health risks.

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13
Page(s) 82-88
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Addiction, Tobacco Control, Harm Reduction, Nicotine Replacement

References
[1] Hedman L (2019) Smoking-related diseases. In: Palagne P, Rohde G (Hrsg) ERS handbook of respiratory medicine, S 257-260.
[2] Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM (2020) Tobacco harm reduction: past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev Med 140: 106099.
[3] Fairchild AL, Bayer R, Colgrove J (2014) The renormalization of smoking? E-cigarettes and the tobacco "endgame". N Engl J Med 370 (4): 293-295.
[4] KotzD, Batra A, KastaunS (2020) Smoking cessation attempts and common strategies employed—a Germany-wide representative survey conducted in 19 waves from 2016 to 2019 (The DEBRA Study) and analyzed by socioeconomic status. Dtsch Arztebl Int 117: 7-13.
[5] Europäische Kommission (2021) Special Eurobarometer 506: attitudes of Europeans towards tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Europäische Kommission, Brüssel.
[6] Effertz T (2019) Die Kosten des Rauchens in Deutschland im Jahr 2018-aktuelle Situation und langfristige Perspektive. AtemwegsLungenkrankh 45 (7): 307-314.
[7] Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N, Bullen C, Begh R, Theodoulou A, Notley C, Rigotti NA, Turner T, Butler AR, Hajek P (2020) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD10216.
[8] Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (2021) S3-Leitlinie "Rauchen und Tabakabhängigkeit: Screening, Diagnostik und Behandlung". Langversion. AWMF- RegisterNr. 076-006.
[9] Lehmann K, Kuhn S (2019) Epidemiologie – Konsument innenzahlen und Konsummuster. In: Stöver H (Hrsg) Potentiale der E-Zigarette für Rauchentwöhnung und Public health. Fachhochschulverlag, Frankfurt, S 9-26.
[10] Filippidis FT, Laverty AA, Mons U, Jimenez-RuizC, Vardavas CI (2019) Changes in smoking cessation assistance in the European Union between 2012 and 2017: pharmacotherapy versus counselling versuse-cigarettes. Tob Control 28 (1): 95-100.
[11] Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A et al (2019) Smoking cessation and vaping cessation attempts among cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users in central and Eastern Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17 (1): 28.
[12] Kastaun S, Kotz D (2019) Ärztliche Kurzberatung zur Tabakentwöhnung - Ergebnisse der DEBRA Studie. Sucht 65: 34-41.
[13] Sperisen L, Falcato L, Bruggmann P (2021) Wirksamkeit von E-Zigaretten zur Reduktion des Tabakkonsums und Entwöhnung vom Rauchen - Eine systematische Literaturübersicht. Suchtmedizin 23: 2-12.
[14] Gottlieb S, Zeller M (2017) A nicotine-focused framework for public health. N Engl J Med 377 (12): 1111-1114.
[15] McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D (2019) Vaping in England: an evidence update February 2019. A report commissioned by Public Health England. Public Health England, London.
[16] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018) Public health consequences of e-cigarettes.
[17] Caponnetto P, Russo C, Bruno CM, Alamo A, Amaradio MD, Polosa R (2013) Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 79 (1): 12-19.
[18] ShahabL, Goniewicz M, Blount B, Brown J, McNeill A (2017) Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med 166 (6): 390-400.
[19] Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A (2015) Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 36 (1): 24-31.
[20] England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA (2015) Nicotine and the developing human: a neglected element in the electronic cigarette debate. Am J Prev Med 49 (2): 286-293.
[21] Tsai M, Byun MK, Shin J, Crotty Alexander LE (2020) Effects of e-cigarettes and vaping devices on cardiac and pulmonary physiology. J Physiol 598 (22): 5039-5062.
[22] Wills TA, Knight R, Williams RJ, PaganoI, Sargent JD (2015) Risk factors for exclusive e-cigarette use and dual e-cigarette use and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics 135 (1): e43-e51.
[23] Kotz D, KastaunS (2018) E-Zigaretten und Tabakerhitzer: repräsentative Daten zu Konsumverhalten und assoziierten Faktoren in der deutschen Bevölkerung (die DEBRA-Studie). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 61: 1407-1414.
[24] Levy DT, Cummings KM, Villanti AC et al (2017) A framework for evaluating the public health impact of e-cigarettes and other vaporized nicotine products. Addiction 112 (1): 8-17.
[25] Rostron BL, Corey CG, Chang JT, van Bemmel DM, Miller ME, Chang CM (2019) Associations of cigarettes smoked per day with biomarkers of exposure among U.S. adult cigarette smokers in the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study wave 1 (2013-2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 28 (9): 1443-1453.
[26] Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen Metal (2013) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 382 (9905): 1629-1637.
[27] Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Cibella F (2013) Efficiency and Safety of an electronic cigarette (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PLoS One 8 (6): e66317.
[28] Zhu S-H, Zhuang Y-L, Shiushj W, Cummins SE, Tedeschi GJ (2017) E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: evi¬dence from US current population surveys. BMJ 358: j3262.
[29] Johnson L, Yinjiao M, Fisher SL et al (2019) E-cigarette usage is associated with increased past-12-month quit attempts and successful smoking cessation in two US population-based surveys. Nicotine Tob Res 21 (10): 1331-1338.
[30] Ma BH, Yong HH, Borland R, McNeill A, Hitchman SC (2018) Factors associated with future intentions to use personal vaporisers among those with some experience of vaping. Drug Alcohol Rev 37 (2): 216-225.
[31] Thirlway F (2019) Nicotine addiction as a moral problem: barriers to e-cigarette use for smoking cessation in two working-class areas in Northern England. Soc Sci Med 238: 112498.
[32] Eisenberg MJ, Hebert-Losier A, Windle SB et al (2020) Effect of e-cigarettes plus counseling vs counseling alone on smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA324 (18): 1844-1854.
[33] Levy DT, Yuan Z, Yameng L, Alberg AJ, Cum¬mings KM (2019) A modeling approach to gauging the effects of nicotine vaping product use on cessation from cigarettes: what do we know, what do we need to know? Addiction 114: 86-96.
[34] Lechner WV, Tackett AP, Grant DM, Tahirkheli NN, Driskill LM, Wagener TL (2015) Effects of duration of electronic cigarette use. Nicotine Tob Res 17 (2): 180-185.
[35] Soar K, Kimber C, McRobbie H, Dawkins LE (2019) Nicotine absorption from e-cigarettes over 12 months. Addict Behav 91: 102-105.
[36] Kosmider L, Kimber CF, Kurek J, Corcoran O, Dawkins LE (2018) Compensatory puffing with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids increases carbonyl exposure in e-cigarette aerosols. Nicotine Tob Res 20 (8): 998-1003.
[37] Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D et al (2019) A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine- replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 380 (7): 629-637.
[38] Burrowes KS, Beckert L, Jones S (2020) Human lungs are created to breathe clean air: the questionable quantification of vaping safety "95% less harmful". NZ Med J 133 (1517): 100-106.
[39] Ayton P, Weiss-Cohen L (2021) Smoking versus vaping: how (not) to communicate their relative harms. J Risk Res 24 (2): 198-214.
[40] Brose LS (2020) E-cigarettes and evidence in Great Britain. In: StöverH (Hrsg) E-Zigaretten, Tabakerhitzer – was wir wissen müssen. Fachhochschulverlag, Frankfurt, S198-221.
[41] Erku DA, Kisely S, Morphett K, Steadman KJ, Gart¬ner CE (2020) Framing and scientific uncertainty in nicotine vaping product regulation: an examination of competing narratives among health and medical organisations in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. IntJ Drug Policy 78: 102699.
[42] Balfour DJK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, Hatsukami DK, Lando HA, Leischow SJ, Lerman C, Mermelstein RJ, Niaura R, Perkins KA, Pomerleau OF, Rigotti NA, Swan GE, Warner KE, West R (2021) Balancing consideration of the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. Am J Public Health 111 (9): 1661-1672.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Heino Stöver. (2022). Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 8(2), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Heino Stöver. Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes. J. Health Environ. Res. 2022, 8(2), 82-88. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Heino Stöver. Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes. J Health Environ Res. 2022;8(2):82-88. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13,
      author = {Heino Stöver},
      title = {Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes},
      journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
      volume = {8},
      number = {2},
      pages = {82-88},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20220802.13},
      abstract = {The question of whether e-cigarettes are a useful tool for smoking cessation is part of an ongoing and highly controversial scientific debate. In practice, however, the number of people trying to quit tobacco consumption by using these products is steadily increasing. This discussion article provides an outline of the current state of research on the issue of whether and to what extent e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking. Of course, e-cigarettes also have a certain potential for harm, especially if nicotine dependence is unnecessarily prolonged. Nevertheless, it can make an important contribution to harm reduction in nicotine consumption. Hence, the product should get treated as a serious alternative to nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) in the scientific discussion. Like NRTs, e-cigarettes offer a less harmful way of consuming nicotine that greatly reduces many of the health risks associated with tobacco consumption, such as the absorption of carcinogenic substances. Recent studies and reviews suggest that the product can be at least as effective as nicotine replacement therapies in helping people quit smoking. Individual studies even demonstrate the increased effectiveness of e-cigarettes in supporting smoking cessation. Nevertheless, the review of the current literature shows that more high-quality research is needed to further understand the product and its properties. In terms of the harm reduction approach, however, it would already be more appropriate to also rely on e-cigarettes instead of trying to force immediate and complete nicotine abstinence. After all, in the process of quitting smoking, the fastest possible cessation of the more unhealthy consumption of tobacco should be prioritized in order to immediately minimize unnecessary health risks.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Diversification of Smoking Cessation Programmes - The Role of E-Cigarettes
    AU  - Heino Stöver
    Y1  - 2022/04/28
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13
    T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
    SP  - 82
    EP  - 88
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-3592
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20220802.13
    AB  - The question of whether e-cigarettes are a useful tool for smoking cessation is part of an ongoing and highly controversial scientific debate. In practice, however, the number of people trying to quit tobacco consumption by using these products is steadily increasing. This discussion article provides an outline of the current state of research on the issue of whether and to what extent e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking. Of course, e-cigarettes also have a certain potential for harm, especially if nicotine dependence is unnecessarily prolonged. Nevertheless, it can make an important contribution to harm reduction in nicotine consumption. Hence, the product should get treated as a serious alternative to nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) in the scientific discussion. Like NRTs, e-cigarettes offer a less harmful way of consuming nicotine that greatly reduces many of the health risks associated with tobacco consumption, such as the absorption of carcinogenic substances. Recent studies and reviews suggest that the product can be at least as effective as nicotine replacement therapies in helping people quit smoking. Individual studies even demonstrate the increased effectiveness of e-cigarettes in supporting smoking cessation. Nevertheless, the review of the current literature shows that more high-quality research is needed to further understand the product and its properties. In terms of the harm reduction approach, however, it would already be more appropriate to also rely on e-cigarettes instead of trying to force immediate and complete nicotine abstinence. After all, in the process of quitting smoking, the fastest possible cessation of the more unhealthy consumption of tobacco should be prioritized in order to immediately minimize unnecessary health risks.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Institute of Addictions Research Frankfurt (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

  • Sections