Aetiology of Bacterial Pathogens from Adult Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Arba Minch Hospital, South Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
33-36
Received:
29 May 2013
Accepted:
28 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjcm.20140303.11
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Abstract: Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is major causes of morbidity and mortality. The etiology of CAP varies by geographic region; knowing the etiology might help for the management of the case in case of emergency and to guide treatment. So, in resource limited countries it is wise to identify the most common pathogens of CAP. The objective of this study was to determine bacterial etiology of CAP among adult patients visiting Arba Minch Hospital. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Arba Minch Hospital, Southern Ethiopia from March 01 to June 01, 2013. Data was collected from adult patients with CAP visiting Arba Minch Hospital using face to face interviews, observation using checklist and laboratory examinations. Sputum specimens were collected and microbiological investigations were performed using standard procedures. Data was processed and analyzed with SPSS version16.0 and Excel 2007. Results: Out of 170 cases, only 68 (40%) were culture positive. One pathogen was demonstrated in 63 (92.6%) patients and 6 (7.4%) had mixed infection. The common isolates of single bacterial pathogens from sputum specimens were S. pneumoniae 20 (11.8%), S. aureus 15 (8.8%), P. aeruginosa 10 (5.8%), K. pneumoniae 8 (4.7%), E. coli 4 (2.4%), H. influenzae 4 (2.4%), P. mirabilis 1 (0.6%), and P. vulgaris 1 (0.6%). The commonest mixed bacterial isolate was K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa 2(1.2%). Conclusion: In this study, common bacteria isolated were S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and gram negative bacteria. Significant numbers of Gram negative bacteria were isolated which may indicate a shift of infection trend to Gram negative bacteria. Hence, periodic monitoring of etiologic agents with their drug resistant pattern is essential for better management of CAP and treatment strategies.
Abstract: Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is major causes of morbidity and mortality. The etiology of CAP varies by geographic region; knowing the etiology might help for the management of the case in case of emergency and to guide treatment. So, in resource limited countries it is wise to identify the most common pathogens of CAP. The objecti...
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Antibiotic Utilization in a Dental Teaching Hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Mayu Winnie Rachmawati,
Naoko YOSHIDA,
Hirohito TSUBOI,
Kazuko KIMURA
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
37-42
Received:
16 May 2014
Accepted:
29 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjcm.20140303.12
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Abstract: Background: Various antibiotics are prescribed by dental practitioners to treat odontogenic infections. However, there has been no comprehensive study of antibiotics use in a dental teaching hospital in a developing country using World Health Organization (WHO) dose measurement units. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the use of antibiotics among dental outpatients at a dental teaching hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of outpatients’ medical records was carried out in order to identify oral antibiotics administered during January-December 2011. Prescriptions that included antibiotics (N=2024) were separated from total prescriptions collected from medical records. The source and type of antibiotics prescribed and the diagnoses were recorded. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and Defined Daily Dosage (DDD) measurement units were assigned, and the information was compiled, coded, analyzed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Results: Thirteen different antibiotics were prescribed and all were administered to patients. Antibiotics were frequently prescribed contrary to generally accepted criteria and there was wide variation in prescribing. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin (78.8%), followed by clindamycin (9.0%) and metronidazole (5.0%). The dental diagnosis most frequently reported was pulp gangrene (26.7%), followed by pulp necrosis (8.8%) and impaction-related problems (6.4%). There was a marked increase in total antibiotics use expressed in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patient visit per month during September to November, which might have been associated with seasonal change or availability of student health insurance at the start of the academic year. Conclusion: Our findings show a high level of inappropriate antibiotics usage at a dental teaching hospital in Indonesia, and indicate that there is a need for educational initiatives and guidelines to promote best practice and appropriate use of antibiotics in this hospital.
Abstract: Background: Various antibiotics are prescribed by dental practitioners to treat odontogenic infections. However, there has been no comprehensive study of antibiotics use in a dental teaching hospital in a developing country using World Health Organization (WHO) dose measurement units. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the use of antibi...
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Cystoid Macular Edema in Complicated Cataract Surgery: A Case Report
Hatem Barhoom,
Sharanjeet -Kaur,
Sabri Kamarudin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
43-45
Received:
20 April 2014
Accepted:
26 May 2014
Published:
10 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjcm.20140303.13
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Abstract: One of the major risk factors for conversion from Phacoemulsification (Phaco) to Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE) is the Posterior capsule rupture. The capsule rupture or any cause leads to Vitreous Loss (VL) will develop tractional inflammation to the retina and Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) will occur. A 65 years old Chinese man had a history of left eye phaco converted to ECCE, anterior vitrectomy and Anterior Chamber Intra Ocular Lens (ACIOL) implant was done due to complication by inferior zonulolysis and VL. After 10 months he complained of dropped Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) in the operated eye and he was diagnosed to have CME. The diagnosis was done using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).Incomplete Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD) increases the risk of CME development, and this may make it necessary to start treatment before cataract surgery to reduce the incidence or improve the prognosis of the condition. In this case, PVD was diagnosed in the right eye suggesting that it will be at higher risk to develop CME in case of cataract surgery when it is complicated by VL and starting CME treatment before the surgery will be highly recommended.
Abstract: One of the major risk factors for conversion from Phacoemulsification (Phaco) to Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE) is the Posterior capsule rupture. The capsule rupture or any cause leads to Vitreous Loss (VL) will develop tractional inflammation to the retina and Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) will occur. A 65 years old Chinese man had a histo...
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Retrospective Assessment of Irrational use of Antibiotics to Children Attending in Mekelle General Hospital
Girum Sebsibie,
Teklemariam Gultie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
46-51
Received:
14 May 2014
Accepted:
6 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjcm.20140303.14
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Abstract: Background: In the last decades, there has been an escalating consumption of antibiotics with the number of antibiotic prescriptions increasing worldwide. Since children are more vulnerable to infectious disease than adults, more antibiotics are prescribed for them. Inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in a major increase in the development of multi-drug resistant pathogens with great implication in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs. The objective of this study was to determine the irrational use of antibiotics prescribed for children under the age of 15 years in Mekelle general hospital. Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted. Four hundred three children’s prescriptions and corresponding cards which were recorded by the year 2012 were selected by systematic random sampling proportionally from each month in the year. Results: Of all antibiotic prescriptions reviewed, the numbers of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions were 222 (55.1%) while inpatient prescriptions were 181 (44.9%).The predefined antibiotics indicators like percentage of antibiotics prescribed, frequency of route of administration, antibiotics prescribed from Standard treatment guideline, proportion of antibiotics, cost of antibiotics per antibiotics days, incidence and antibiotics utilization ratio were determined and 141(35.1%) were treated with different antibiotics irrationally. Conclusion: The finding of this study indicated that antibiotics were prescribed irrationally. Prescriptions containing one or more antibiotics constituted 73.68% of all prescriptions and around 5.9% of encounters were treated without any diagnosis. T he study has revealed that third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) has been highly prescribed in the study hospital.
Abstract: Background: In the last decades, there has been an escalating consumption of antibiotics with the number of antibiotic prescriptions increasing worldwide. Since children are more vulnerable to infectious disease than adults, more antibiotics are prescribed for them. Inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in a major increase in the developmen...
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Ear, Nose and Throat Changes Observed during three Trimester of Pregnancy
Ayşe Neslin Akkoca,
Gül Soylu Özler,
Raziye Keskin Kurt,
Oya Soylu Karapınar,
Zeynep Tuba Özdemir,
Serdar Yanık
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
52-56
Received:
29 April 2014
Accepted:
17 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjcm.20140303.15
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Abstract: Aim: To evaulate frequencies and distribution of ear, nose, throat symptoms during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 40 pregnant women and 40 non-pregnant women who applied clinics of Otorhinolarıngology and Obstetrics. Pregnant women were evaluated each trimester and after birth. Results:Results in pregnant group were as follows: Sensation of blockage in ears(15% in first trimester , 25% in second trimester, 30% in third trimester and 17.5% after birth), hearing loss(2.5% , only 1 patient in third trimester), facial paralysis(2.5% , only 1 patient in third trimester), stuffiness(7.5% in first trimester , 15% in second trimester, 20% in third trimester and 5% after birth), olfactive sensitivity (5% in first trimester , 30% in second trimester, 33% in third trimester and 10% after birth), gum bleeding(25% in first trimester , 30% in second trimester, 33% in third trimester and 5% after birth),epulis(2.5% , only 1 patient in second trimester), change in taste(37.5% in first trimester , 20% in second trimester, 17.5% in third trimester and 2.5% after birth), hoarseness(12.5% in first trimester , 17.5% in second trimester, 22.5% in third trimester and 5% after birth), dysphagia(20% in first trimester , 40% in second trimester, 45% in third trimester and 2.5% after birth), regurgitation(25% in first trimester , 37.5% in second trimester, 50% in third trimester and 2.5% after birth), facial pigmentation(10% in first trimester , 11.25% in second trimester, 30% in third trimester and 30% after birth). İn control group, symptoms were sensation of blockage in ears(12.5%), stuffiness(5%), olfactive sensitivity (5%), gum bleeding(5%), change in taste(2.5%), hoarseness(5%), dysphagia(2.5%), regurgitation(7.5%), facial pigmentation (7.5%). There were no hearing loss , facial paralysis and epulis in control group. Conclusion: Pregnancy changes ear, nose, throat symptoms and these symptoms may differ according to trimesters. While incidince of symptoms increased as pregnancy progresses, incidince of symptoms decreased after birth.
Abstract: Aim: To evaulate frequencies and distribution of ear, nose, throat symptoms during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 40 pregnant women and 40 non-pregnant women who applied clinics of Otorhinolarıngology and Obstetrics. Pregnant women were evaluated each trimester and after birth. Results:Results in pregnant group ...
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