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Bobath Concept Structural Framework (BCSF): Positioning Partial Aspects Within a Holistic Therapeutic Concept
Gabriele Eckhardt,
Kim Brock,
Gerlinde Haase,
Carmen Puschnerus,
Anke Hengelmolen-Greb,
Cristian Böhm
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
79-85
Received:
22 July 2018
Accepted:
2 August 2018
Published:
1 September 2018
Abstract: Background: The Bobath concept is a complex, holistic approach to neurorehabilitation. This complexity presents difficulties for describing Bobath therapy in a comprehensible way. The purpose of this project was to develop an external structure to promote a better understanding of how specific therapeutic procedures are categorized, how partial aspects can be organized and how their interactions can be made more obvious. Method: A scoping review of the literature was undertaken and clustered for keywords. These data were assigned to four levels of a framework model: Conceptual level (leading thoughts), Principle level (essential characteristics of the system), Method level (systematic procedures) and Technique level (the execution tools). Drafts of the framework were presented at annual conferences of the International Bobath Instructor Training Association (IBITA). Feedback from members was sought informally and in questionnaires. Results: The BCSF was supported by 75% of IBITA members (N = 107). In the Conceptual level, three aspects were established; propositional knowledge, individual client context and professional practice knowledge. Seven components are represented in the Principle level; optimizing activity and participation, problem solving, interactive - dialogue approach, client goal oriented, identification of potential, ongoing interplay of assessment and intervention and 24 hours approach. In the Methods level, three systematic procedures were identified; activation, shaping and repetition. At the Techniques level, four execution tools were described; communication, facilitation, assignment of task and environmental arrangement. Discussion: The BCSF provides a structure for further research into the Bobath concept. At a qualitative level, this structure will allow different aspects to be explored whilst still viewing a single aspect as a component of the whole. At a quantitative level, the BCSF clarifies what kind of therapy constitutes a Bobath intervention and the factors that need to be present at all levels of the framework. Conclusion: The BCSF is a useful tool where partial aspects of the Bobath concept can be categorized into a comprehensive classification system. This classification makes it possible to focus on specific items without losing the "big picture" and to identify partial aspects and their interactions more clearly. Specific procedures can be presented in a structured and transparent manner and well documented core elements for rehabilitation of people with CNS disorders can be demonstrated.
Abstract: Background: The Bobath concept is a complex, holistic approach to neurorehabilitation. This complexity presents difficulties for describing Bobath therapy in a comprehensible way. The purpose of this project was to develop an external structure to promote a better understanding of how specific therapeutic procedures are categorized, how partial asp...
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Factors Affecting Use of Insecticide Treated Nets by Children Under Five Years of Age in Kenya
Geraldine Minoo Kyalo,
Urbanus Mutuku Kioko
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
86-92
Received:
26 August 2018
Accepted:
27 September 2018
Published:
25 October 2018
Abstract: Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and mostly affects pregnant women and children under five years of age. It is among the leading cause of deaths in under five years of age with an approximate of 20 percent of all deaths in Kenya. The World Health Organization recommends the use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs) and Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) for prevention of malaria infection. Although several studies have analysed the accessibility, availability, ownership and utilization of ITNs by children less than five years of age, information on intra-household factors that influence utilization of ITNs by children less than five years of age is very limited. This study investigated the factors that influence use of ITNs and LLINs by children under five years across the country using the random utility model because of the nature of the outcomes which are discrete in nature. The regression results showed that age of household head, household size, gender of child and the head of the household, presence of fever, treatment of net since acquisition significantly affected use of ITNs. The study concludes that these factors hinder use of ITNs by children under five years and therefore presence of an ITN in a household may not guarantee utilisation. The study recommends that efforts be made to increase awareness on the importance of ensuring children under five years sleep under an ITN if reduction in morbidity and mortality in this age group is to be realised.
Abstract: Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and mostly affects pregnant women and children under five years of age. It is among the leading cause of deaths in under five years of age with an approximate of 20 percent of all deaths in Kenya. The World Health Organization recommends the use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (...
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Survey of Health Knowledge Between Medical and Non-medical College Students in Fengtai Distract of Beijing
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
93-97
Received:
6 August 2018
Accepted:
14 September 2018
Published:
27 October 2018
Abstract: Objective To know the attitudes, content, achieving approach of health knowledge among medical and non-medical college students, analyze their difference, provide the evidence for health education in college students. Methods Cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 660 college students from medical and non-medical colleges in Fengtai Distract of Beijing. The subjects were investigated by self-designed questionnaire, and there were 603 valid questionnaires. Results 72.6% of students believed that it was necessary to have health knowledge. College students were most interested in health lifestyle, accounting for 60.2%, followed by reasonable dietary and nutrition (47.6%), emergency aid and communal (43.9%), mental health (37.4%). The primary approach that college students obtained health knowledge was mobile phones and network, accounting for 67.2%, followed by paper media (63.0%), television and video (55.4%). There were significant difference in healthy lifestyle, reasonable diet and nutrition, mental health, infectious disease prevention, chronic disease prevention, public places reliability analysis between medical and non-medical students (P>0.05) The difference in attitude towards knowledge and achieving approach were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions College students' have the positive attitude towards health knowledge. Medical and non-medical students focus on different health content. New media technology should be strengthened to cultivate college students’ health knowledge in college students.
Abstract: Objective To know the attitudes, content, achieving approach of health knowledge among medical and non-medical college students, analyze their difference, provide the evidence for health education in college students. Methods Cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 660 college students from medical and non-medical colleges in Fengtai Dis...
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Health Hazards from High Power Electrical Lines Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure in Riyadh Area Saudi Arabia
Mahmoud Hassan El-Bidawy,
Mounir Zeerban,
Waheed Mahmoud Alharizi
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
98-102
Received:
3 October 2018
Accepted:
19 October 2018
Published:
10 November 2018
Abstract: In almost 90% of the cases of childhood leukemia, the etiology is unclear. A wide range of factors, including environmental, sociological, lifestyle influences are implicated as well as genetic susceptibility. The evidence is mixed as to whether (Electromagnetic Fields) EMFs can be responsible for direct DNA damage. DNA damage could arise as a result of persistently elevated free radical concentrations, caused by long-term EMF exposure. Some experiments have shown that EMFs affect these functions, though they have been difficult to reproduce and therefore remain controversial. The overall evidence is that magnetic fields induce changes in apoptosis (cell death). Changes in B lymphocytes can also change cellular division rates. A series of studies demonstrated EMF effects that made cells more likely to become cancerous. These findings may prove particularly important with regard to B-lineage (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) ALL. However, the original results have not yet been replicated, perhaps pointing to the need to tighten experimental protocols. In body, tissue free radicals are dangerous high-energy particles that damage cells and can both cause and accelerate the progression of cancer. Exposure to EMFs can increase the yield of free radicals by more than 60%, which could explain the diverse and often inconsistent nature of observed effects of EMFs, free radicals being intermediates in many natural processes. The hormone, melatonin is thought to protect the body from cancer by (a) neutralizing free radicals, (b) inhibiting the uptake of growth factors by cancer cells, (c) by increasing the likelihood of cancer cells undergoing apoptosis (cell death), and (d) by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels in tumors. The production of melatonin at night (when the majority of melatonin is produced by the body’s pineal gland) was reduced significantly by light at night and magnetic fields associated with the electricity supply. It was found that melatonin protects cells from genetic damage.
Abstract: In almost 90% of the cases of childhood leukemia, the etiology is unclear. A wide range of factors, including environmental, sociological, lifestyle influences are implicated as well as genetic susceptibility. The evidence is mixed as to whether (Electromagnetic Fields) EMFs can be responsible for direct DNA damage. DNA damage could arise as a resu...
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Redesigning the Learning Assessment Tools for Community-Based Training Program in the Undergraduate Medical Education at a University in Ethiopia
Shewatatek Gedamu,
Bekalu Ferede,
Solomon Belay,
Tsedeke Asaminew,
Tesfamichael Alaro Agago,
Equlinet Misganaw,
Tefera Tadesse
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
103-111
Received:
9 October 2018
Accepted:
31 October 2018
Published:
29 November 2018
Abstract: In Ethiopia, the undergraduate medical education is a six-year program, which has three major curricular components, including Pre-medical, preclinical and clinical years. Upon successful completion of every year pre-clinical and clinical courses, students are required to complete community-based training program (CBTP) courses that demand a field work in the nearby community settings. The main intent of these courses is to develop general competencies of the graduates so that they become more socially accountable at the same time ensuring opportunities for lifelong learning in the community through training and services. In a general sense, the learning assessment provides an opportunity for students to improve their skills, reduce anxiety over grading, and improve relationships between learners and teachers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existing learning assessment tools applied in the CBTP courses and improve them so that they become aligned with the expected graduate competencies specified in the undergraduate medicine curriculum in the University studied. This study used a case study design for the in-depth analysis of the learning assessment tools of CBTP courses. Guided by this, first the study comprises an analysis of the existing assessment tools being practiced in a university studied. Then, three FGDs were held with instructors, department heads, and students who participated in CBTP course implementation of the undergraduate medicine program. This was followed by a consultative workshop with relevant experts in Community-based education (CBE), to identify essential items to be included in the redesigned assessment tools. As a result of this study, the study participants identified the learning domains that were aligned to the core competencies. The corresponding guidelines for each assessment methods were developed. The tools were piloted in the field and they were found very comprehensive and feasible for use in the university studied. The findings of this study were suggested that the redesigned assessment tools can address the basic problems of the existing assessment methods, which were found, fragmented and had higher degrees of subjectivity.
Abstract: In Ethiopia, the undergraduate medical education is a six-year program, which has three major curricular components, including Pre-medical, preclinical and clinical years. Upon successful completion of every year pre-clinical and clinical courses, students are required to complete community-based training program (CBTP) courses that demand a field ...
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