International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder

Received: May 15, 2016    Accepted: May 27, 2016    Published: Jun. 14, 2016
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the mediator roles of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and major depressive disorder (MDD). The sample size was 250 participants that filled in five scales to assess MDD, coping with stress styles and executive functions. The model representing the mediation role of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and MDD is fit. The effect of problem focused coping (PFC) on meta-cognition as well as the effect of emotion focused coping (EFC) on working memory was strongly significant. Decision making was an executive function that independently influenced on MDD. Our overall results represented that the main executive functions that strongly influenced the correlation between coping with stress styles and MDD were meta-cognition, working memory and decision making respectively.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11
Published in International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences ( Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2016 )
Page(s) 1-8
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Previous article
Keywords

Coping with Stress Styles, Decision Making, Executive Functions, Major Depressive Disorder, Meta-cognition & Working Memory

References
[1] Abedi, S., Alilou, M., & Mousazadeh, T. (2014). Publications comparison of executive functions of frontal lobe between children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and normal children. Psychology and Behavioral Research, 3 (1), 39-43.
[2] Aghauseffi, A. (2011). The Role of personality and coping styles in depression and the application of treatment on personality and depression. PhD Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran.
[3] American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 5th Ed). Washington, DC: Author. Doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
[4] Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. National Review Neuroscience, 4, 829-839. DOI: 10.1038/nrn 1201.
[5] Baddeley, A., Banse, R., Huang, Y. M., & Page, M. (2012). Working memory and emotion: detecting the hedonic detector. Cognitive Psychology, 24 (1), 6-16. DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.613820.
[6] Barkley, R. A. (2001). Executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11, 1-29. DOI: 10.1023/a: 1009085417776.
[7] Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York: Guilford. DOI: 10.1177/1087054708314590.
[8] Belli, R. F. (2012). True and false recovered memories: Toward and reconciliation of the debate. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00337. x.
[9] Brown, T. N., Akiyama, M. K., White, I. K., Jayaratne, T. E., & Anderson, E. S. (2009). Differentiating contemporary racial prejudice from old-fashioned racial prejudice. Race and Social Problems, 1 (2), 97-110. DOI: 10.1007/s 12552-009-9010-6.
[10] Chase, H. W. (2010). Regret and the negative evaluation of decision outcomes in major depression. Cognitive and Affect in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 406-413. DOI: 10.3758/CABN.10.3.406.
[11] Chen, Y. N., Mitra, S., & Schlaghecken, F. (2008). Sub-processes of working memory in the N-back test. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119 (7), 1546-1559. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00102.
[12] Cohen, S., Janicki, D., & Doyle, W. J. (2012). Chronic stress, glico-corticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 109, 5995-5999. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118355109.
[13] Cummings, J. L., & Miller, L. B. (2007). Conceptual and clinical aspects of the frontal lobes. In: Miller B. L., Cummings J. L., editors. The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.
[14] Cook, S. A., Salmon, P., Dunn, G., Holcombe, C., Cornford, P., & Fisher, P. (2015). A prospective study of the association of Meta cognitive beliefs and processes with persistent emotional distress after diagnosis of cancer. Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 39 (1), 51-60.
[15] Devisser, L. (2010) Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and women. Journal of Neuropsychology, 48, 1598-1606. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.027.
[16] Dopkeen, J. C., & Dubios, R. (2014). Stress in the workplace, a policy synthesis on its dimensions and prevalence. The Center for Employee Health Studies, Available from: https://www.sedgwick.com.
[17] Gilbert, S. B. (2009). Psychiatric crash cart: Treatment styles for the emergency department. Journal of Advanced Emergency Nursing, 31 (4), 298-308. DOI: 10.1097/TME.0b013e3181bd9eb4.
[18] Gunduz, B. (2013). Emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility, and psychological symptoms in preserve teachers. Educational Research & Reviews, 8 (13), 1048-56.
[19] Hughes, A. J., Beier, M., Hartoonian, N., Turner, A. P., Amtmann, D., & Ehde, D. M. (2015). Self-efficacy as a longitudinal predictor of perceived cognitive impairment in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96 (5), 913-919. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.01.008.
[20] Jiang, Y., & Kleitman, S. (2015). Meta-cognition and motivation: Links between confidence, self-protection and self-enhancement. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 222-230. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.025.
[21] Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (2001). LISREL (Version 8.50). [Computer program], Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
[22] Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R., Miura, T. K., & Coalfish, G. J. (2007). Working Memory, Attention Control and the N-Back Task: A Question of Construct Validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology and Learning Memory Cognition, 33 (3), 615-622.
[23] Khodadadi, M., Mashhadi, A., & Amani, H. (2014). Wason Selective Task, N-Back, Strop & Tower of London software. [Computer program], Tehran: Institute of Cognitive Behavioral Research.
[24] Khorram, S., & Mohammadkhani, S. (2010). Attachment styles, coping skills, resiliency and internet addiction. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 5, 317-320.
[25] Kieron, P. O., & Marie-Claude, P. (2011). Reasoning in anxiety, OCD and related disorders: can formal reasoning theories inform US about psychopathology? Different views of anxiety disorders. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com.
[26] Kiosses, D. N., Ravdin, L. D., Gross, J. J., Raue, P., Kotbi, N., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2015). Problem adaptation therapy for older adults with major depression and cognitive impairment as randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72 (1), 22-30. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1305.
[27] Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2 Ed, New York: Guilford. DOI: 10.1177/1049731509336986.
[28] Lazarus, A. A., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
[29] Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). New South Wales: Psychology Foundation Monograph. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.755535.
[30] McAuley, T., Chen, S., Goos, L., Schachar, R., & Crosbie, J. (2010). Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 495-505. DOI: 10.1017/S 1355617710000093.
[31] McAvinue, L. P., Golemme, M., Castorina, M., Tatti, E., Pigni, F. M., Salomone, S., Brennan, S., & Robertson, I. H. (2013). An evaluation of a working memory training schema in older adults. Frontal Aging Neuroscience, 5, 20-30. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00020.
[32] Mueller, E. M., Pechtel, P., Cohen, A. L., Douglas, S. R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015). Potentiated processing of negative feedback in depression attenuated by anhedonia. Journal of ADAA, 32 (4), 296-305. DOI: 10.1002/da.22338.
[33] National Institute of Mental Health. (2013). Depression. Available from: http://www.nimh. nih.gov/health/publications/depression/depression-booklet.pdf.
[34] Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. L., Loftus, G. R., & Lutz, C. (2014). Atkinson & Hilgard's Introduction of psychology paperback. United Kingdom: Androw Ashwin.
[35] Panza, F., Frisardi, V., & Carpurso, C. (2010). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: Possible continuum? American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 98-116.
[36] Parletta, N., Milte, C. M., Meyer, B. J. (2013). Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health. Journal of Nutritional Biochemist, 24 (5), 725-43.
[37] Philips, J. A. (2013). Factors associated with temporal and spatial patterns in suicide rates across U.S. Journal of Demography, 50 (2), 591-614.
[38] Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). Front cingulate dysfunction in depression: Toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsy chopharmacology, 36, 183-206.
[39] Pu, S. h., Nakagome, K., Yamada, T., Yokoyama, K., Matsumura, H., Mitani, ET. al. (2012). The relationship between the prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task and stress-coping style in major depressive disorder: A near infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 1427-1434.
[40] Randenborgh, A. (2010). Decision-making in depression: Differences in decisional conflict between healthy and depressed individuals. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17, 285-298.
[41] Rezaee, M., Kazemi, Z., Khanzadeh, M., Miderikvand, F., Hashemi, S., & Aghamohammadi, S. (2015). Comparison of neuropsychological dysfunction in the patients with non-psychotic major depression with history of suicide. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2 (1), 48-59.
[42] Russo, M., Mahon, K., & Burdick, K. E. (2015). Measuring cognitive functions in MDD: Merging assessment tools. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 32, 262-269.
[43] Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Behavior rating inventory of executive function: adult version. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
[44] Shin, K. R., Kang, Y., Kim, M., Jung, D., Kim, M. (2012). Comparative study between depression in Korean elderly with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognitive function. Nursing and Health Sciences, 14, 81-86.
[45] Smith, N., Daniel L., & Ichiro K. (2014). State-level social capital and suicide mortality in the 50 U.S. states. Journal of Social Science and Medicine, 120 (2), 269-77.
[46] Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-I): History, Rationale, and Description. Achieve of Genenetic Psychiatry, 49, 624-29.
[47] Steptoe, A., Angus, D., & Arthur, A. S. (2015). Psychological wellbeing, health and ageing. Lancet, 385 (9968), 64-78.
[48] Vadnais, S. A., Behm, A., Laake, L. M., Lopez, N. M., Oddi, K. B., ET. al. (2012). Executive function correlates of symptoms of specific anxiety disorders and major depression. Poster presented at the 24th Annual Convention of the Association for Psychological Science, Chicago, IL.
[49] Zandkarimi, G., Yazdi, S. M., Khosravi, Z., & Dehshiri, G. (2015). Executive Functions' Mediator Roles to Investigate the Effect of Coping with Stress Styles on Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. PhD Thesis: Al-Zahra University, Iran.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ghazal Zandkarimi, Seyedeh Monavar Yazdi, Zohreh Khosravi. (2016). Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder. International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Ghazal Zandkarimi; Seyedeh Monavar Yazdi; Zohreh Khosravi. Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder. Int. J. Psychol. Brain Sci. 2016, 1(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Ghazal Zandkarimi, Seyedeh Monavar Yazdi, Zohreh Khosravi. Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Psychol Brain Sci. 2016;1(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11,
      author = {Ghazal Zandkarimi and Seyedeh Monavar Yazdi and Zohreh Khosravi},
      title = {Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder},
      journal = {International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences},
      volume = {1},
      number = {1},
      pages = {1-8},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpbs.20160101.11},
      abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the mediator roles of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and major depressive disorder (MDD). The sample size was 250 participants that filled in five scales to assess MDD, coping with stress styles and executive functions. The model representing the mediation role of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and MDD is fit. The effect of problem focused coping (PFC) on meta-cognition as well as the effect of emotion focused coping (EFC) on working memory was strongly significant. Decision making was an executive function that independently influenced on MDD. Our overall results represented that the main executive functions that strongly influenced the correlation between coping with stress styles and MDD were meta-cognition, working memory and decision making respectively.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Meta-cognition, Decision Making and Working Memory as Mediators Between Coping with Stress Styles and Major Depressive Disorder
    AU  - Ghazal Zandkarimi
    AU  - Seyedeh Monavar Yazdi
    AU  - Zohreh Khosravi
    Y1  - 2016/06/14
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11
    T2  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    SP  - 1
    EP  - 8
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1573
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20160101.11
    AB  - This study aimed to investigate the mediator roles of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and major depressive disorder (MDD). The sample size was 250 participants that filled in five scales to assess MDD, coping with stress styles and executive functions. The model representing the mediation role of meta-cognition, decision making and working memory between coping with stress styles and MDD is fit. The effect of problem focused coping (PFC) on meta-cognition as well as the effect of emotion focused coping (EFC) on working memory was strongly significant. Decision making was an executive function that independently influenced on MDD. Our overall results represented that the main executive functions that strongly influenced the correlation between coping with stress styles and MDD were meta-cognition, working memory and decision making respectively.
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Group of Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

  • Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Group of Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

  • Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Group of Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

  • Section