Humanities and Social Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking

Received: Dec. 01, 2014    Accepted: Dec. 22, 2014    Published: Jan. 19, 2015
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyze the cultivation of cannabis in the Vale do Sao Francisco, in north-eastern Brazil, the largest producer in the country. It also seeks to identify the main actors involved in cultivation, their interrelations, and to discuss how cannabis cultivation was established as an alternative to a much needed agricultural policy in the region and hierarchical and authoritarian relations in the local bossism. The cultivation of cannabis is placed in a context in which illicit growth is constituted and institutionalized as a complementary economy to licit cultivation.

DOI 10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20
Published in Humanities and Social Sciences ( Volume 2, Issue 6, November 2014 )
Page(s) 211-222
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Illicit Cannabis Cultivation, Politic of Drugs, Rural Workers and Northeast of Brazil

References
[1] Alhama, José, Eulalia Molero Mesa, y José A. Rodriguez (2006), “Estructuras Sociales, Desigualdad, Medioambiente Y Desarrollo Humano: Cannabis Y Desarrollo en Marruecos”, Portulária, Vol. 6, núm. 2, pp. 105-121.
[2] Alhama José ,A.V. González Martos, J. Molero Mes y, A. Merzouki (2005),“ Desarrollo humano sostenible: el ejemplo de la "cultura del cannabis" en el Rif (Norte de Marruecos)”, Ecossistema, núm.4, vol.3, september, pp.22-30.
[3] ASSEMBLÉIA LEGISLATIVA DE PERNAMBUCO. Relatório da CPI do Narcotráfico (2000), URL: http://www.alepe.pe.gov.br/paginas/?id=3620&dep=&paginapai=3596&doc=A6CA92A6AB4C348A03256A3A0052D80F
[4] Astorga, Luis (2001), ‘The limits of anti-drug policy in Mexico’, International Social Science Journal, vol. 53, núm,169, september, pp 427-434.
[5] Astorga, Luis (2000). “Organized-crime and the organizatation of crime”. En BAILEY, John; GODSON, Roy (Ed.) Organized cime and democratic governability.Mexicoand the US-Mexican Bordeslands. Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh.
[6] Becker, Howard (1963), Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, New York, The Free Press.
[7] Belik, W. (2000), “PRONAF: Avaliação da Operacionalização do Programa”en Campanhola, Clayton y José G. Silva (edits) O Novo Rural Brasileiro: políticas públicas, Vol.4, Jaguariúna-SP, Embrapa, pp. 93-115.
[8] Brochu, Serge, Valérie Beauregard y Xanthia Gagné-Tardif (2009). “Cannabis cultivation in Canada”, In : URL: http://www.ciroc.nl/presentaties/20071212%20Brochu%20cannabis.pdf, May 21st de 2009.
[9] Burton, Richard. (1977), Viagem de Canoa de Sabará ao Oceano Atlântico, São Paulo, Ed. USP.
[10] Cabieses, H. (2004), “Peru: Luchas Cocaleras y Gobernabilidad”, Drogas y Conflicto, núm. 10, april, pp.16-26.
[11] Comission Européene (1995), Afrique de l’Ouest: Étude de la production de drogues et du trafic local, en particulier, de la culture du cannabis, Paris, Ed. ComissionEuropéene.
[12] Camelo Filho, José (2005), “A dinâmica política, econômica e social do rio São Francisco e do seu vale”, Revista do Departamento de Geografia,núm.17, jan., pp.83-93.
[13] Carline, Elisaldo Araújo (2006), “A história da maconha no Brasil”, J Bras Psiquiatr, núm.55, vol.4, sep.-dec., pp. 314-317.
[14] Farrel, Grahan. (1998), “A global empirical review of drug crop eradication and United Nations crop substitution and alternative development”, Journal of Drug Issue, invierno, pp.395-436.
[15] Foucault, Michel (1975), Suveiller et Punir, Paris, Ed. Gallimard.
[16] Gallardo, Jorge (2006), “Consumo, prohibición y narcotráfico” en Castilla, Alice, Cultura Cannabis, Bueno Aires, Ed.Castilla, 2006.
[17] Gettman, Jon (2006), “Marijuana Production in the UnitedStates”, In:URL: http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/bcr2_index.html, última consulta en 24 de junio de 2010.
[18] International Narcotics Control Board (2011). Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2010, New York, INCB/UN.
[19] Iulianelli, Jorge Atílio (2000), “O Gosto Bom do Bode: Juventude, Sindicalismo, Reasentamento e Narcotráfico no Submédio” en Motta Ribeiro, Ana Maria y Jorge Atílio Iulianelli, Narcotráfico e Violência no Campo, Rio de Janeiro, DP&A, pp 79-92.
[20] Iulianelli, Jorge et al.. (2005), Relatório Final da Pesquisa Jovens construindo políticas públicas para a superação de situações de risco, no plantio da maconha, na região do Submédio São Francisco, Brasília, Ministério da Justiça.
[21] James, Brandi (2005), “Examining the Impact of Illicit Crop Eradication on Education in Colombia. Education”, Emergencies and Post-Conflict Situations: Problems, Responses and Possibilities, Vol. 2, pp. 48-59.
[22] Johnson, Tim (2010), “Aumenta el cultivo de marijuana en México”,URL:http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2010/09/04/795586/aumenta-el-cultivo-de-marihuana.html.
[23] Labrousse, Alain and Luis Romero (2002), “Moroc: la production de cannabis dans le Rif“, Bulletin mensuel du Observatoire française de drogues et de toxiconomies, núm.13, febrero, pp. 1-4.
[24] Laniel, Laurent (2001), “Drugs in Southern Africa: Business As Usual”, International Social Science Journal, num. 169, vol.53,Septembre,. pp. 407–414.
[25] Laniel, Laurent(2004), “Cannabis in Lesotho”, URL: http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/504/504%20laurent%20laniel.htm, última consulta 8 de julio de 2010.
[26] Mamadou, Gueye (2007), Societes rurales et developpement durable. Transformations recentes des agricultures, strategies paysannes et soutenabilite des systemes ruraux en Afrique sahelo-soudanienne : cas du departement de Bignona (Senegal meridional), Montreal, ED. Universidad de Montreal.
[27] Misse, Michel (1999), Os Malandros, Marginais e Vagabundos & a Acumulação Social da Violência no Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Universitario de Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (IUPERJ).
[28] Motta Ribeiro, Ana Maria (2008). “O Polígono da Ma, URL: http://diplomatique.uol.com.br/artigo.php?id=213&PHPSESSID=7344ed5e82e51d5534f731688bd39468.
[29] Pernambucano, Jarbas (1937). “A Maconha em Pernambuco” en Freyre, Gilberto (editor.), Novos Estudos Afro-brasileiros, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. CivilizaçãoBrasileira.
[30] Pierson, Donald. (1972), O Homem no Vale do São Francisco, Rio de Janeiro, SUVALE.
[31] Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (2010), “As ações de erradicação de plantios considerados ilícitos na América Latina e no Brasil”, in: Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (Ed.), Crimes, Drogas e Políticas, Ilhéus, Editus,pp. 187-225.
[32] Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (2007), “A geopolítica das drogas na América Latina”, Revista em Pauta, núm.19, jan.-jun., pp.67-88.
[33] Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (2006), “Plantios Ilícitos no Brasil: Notas Sobre a Violência e o Cultivo de Cannabis no Polígono da Maconha”, Cadernos de Ciências Humanas – Especiaria, vol. 9, núm.15, jan.-jun. pp. 95-118..
[34] Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (2003), “Da Favela ao Sertão” en Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar y Jorge Atílio Silva Iulianelli (eds.), Jovens em Tempo Real, DP&A, Rio de Janeiro, pp.82-107.
[35] Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar (2000), “.Juventude, Narcotráfico e Violência no Brasil” en Motta Ribeiro, Ana Maria and Jorge Atílio Iulianelli (eds.), Narcotráfico e Violência no Campo, Rio de Janeiro, DP&A, pp.81-108.
[36] Rafael, Antônio (1998), Um Abraço para todos os amigos: algumas considerações sobre o tráfico de drogas no Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, EDUFF.
[37] Reed, L. (2003) “Bolivian coca farmers defy US-bolstered ban on crops”, The Boston Globe, 23 de marzo, pp. A4.
[38] Secretaria Nacional Antidroga (2010).Plan Nacional Antidrogas. Assunción, SENAD.
[39] Silva, A.P. et al. (1983), Mapeamento de áreas plantadas com “cannabis sativa” através de transparência coloridas infravermelhas (falsa-cor), in URL: http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/dpi.inpe.br/marte@80/2009/04.13.12.56/doc/506-515.pdf.
[40] SILVA, Paulo .C. (2001), Articulação do interesse público e privado no Pólo Petrolina-PE / Juazeiro-BA. Em busca de espaço no mercado globalizado de frutas frescas, Campinas-SP, Universidade de Campinas.
[41] Tokatlián, Juan Gabriel. Drogas, Dilemas y Dogmas. Estados Unidos y La Narcocriminalidad Organizada en Colombia. Bogotá: TercerMundo, 1995.
[42] Tonneau , Jean-Philippe, Joacir Rufino de Aquino y Olívio Alberto Teixeira (2005 ), “Modernização da agricultura familiar e exclusão social: o dilema as políticas agrícolas”, Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia, Brasília, núm. 1, vol. 22, jan.-jun., pp. 67-82.
[43] UNITED NATIONS OFICE FOR DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) (2006), World Drugs Report 2006, Washington, UNODC.
[44] Uprimny, Rodrigo (1997). Que hacer con las Drogas? Políticas Vigentes y Alternativas Emergentes. Bogotá, Colombia, Fac.de Derecho da Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Facultad de Derecho.
[45] Vargas Meza, Ricardo (2006). “Drogas, conflito armado na Colômbia e segurança global”, Cadernos de Ciências Humanas – Especiaria, vol. 9, núm.15, pp. 59-78.
[46] Velho, Gilberto (1998) Nobres e Anjos: um estudo de tóxicos e hierarquia, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. da FGV.
[47] Villa, Marco Antonio (2001). Vida e morte no Sertão. Histórias das secas no Nordeste nos séculos XIX e XX, São Paulo, Editora Ática.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga. (2015). Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking. Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(6), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga. Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2015, 2(6), 211-222. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga. Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking. Humanit Soc Sci. 2015;2(6):211-222. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20,
      author = {Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga},
      title = {Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking},
      journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {6},
      pages = {211-222},
      doi = {10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hss.20140206.20},
      abstract = {The aim of this article is to analyze the cultivation of cannabis in the Vale do Sao Francisco, in north-eastern Brazil, the largest producer in the country. It also seeks to identify the main actors involved in cultivation, their interrelations, and to discuss how cannabis cultivation was established as an alternative to a much needed agricultural policy in the region and hierarchical and authoritarian relations in the local bossism. The cultivation of cannabis is placed in a context in which illicit growth is constituted and institutionalized as a complementary economy to licit cultivation.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Illicit Crops in Brazil. The Rural Workers between Income and the Exploitation of Drug Trafficking
    AU  - Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga
    Y1  - 2015/01/19
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20
    DO  - 10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20
    T2  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    JF  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    JO  - Humanities and Social Sciences
    SP  - 211
    EP  - 222
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8184
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20140206.20
    AB  - The aim of this article is to analyze the cultivation of cannabis in the Vale do Sao Francisco, in north-eastern Brazil, the largest producer in the country. It also seeks to identify the main actors involved in cultivation, their interrelations, and to discuss how cannabis cultivation was established as an alternative to a much needed agricultural policy in the region and hierarchical and authoritarian relations in the local bossism. The cultivation of cannabis is placed in a context in which illicit growth is constituted and institutionalized as a complementary economy to licit cultivation.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Federal University of Juiz de Fora-MG, Social Science Department, Pos-graduate Program of Social Science, Juiz de For a, Brazil

  • Section