Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael

Received: 10 October 2018 Accepted: 24 October 2018 Published: 19 November 2018

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Abstract

Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.

DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2018)
Page(s)	169-174
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Charcoal, Activated Carbon, Carbonization, Adsorbent

References

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Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. (2018). Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 6(5), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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ACS Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2018, 6(5), 169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2018;6(5):169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu and Nwabueze Elom and Okhifo Anthony and Peretomode Tekena Michael},
  title = {Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20180605.12},
  abstract = {Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu
AU  - Nwabueze Elom
AU  - Okhifo Anthony
AU  - Peretomode Tekena Michael
Y1  - 2018/11/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 169
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
AB  - Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Nworu Jerome Sunday

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Delta, Nigeria
Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Nwabueze Elom

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Okhifo Anthony

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Delta, Nigeria
Peretomode Tekena Michael

Department of Chemical Engineering, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. (2018). Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 6(5), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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ACS Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2018, 6(5), 169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2018;6(5):169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu and Nwabueze Elom and Okhifo Anthony and Peretomode Tekena Michael},
  title = {Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20180605.12},
  abstract = {Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu
AU  - Nwabueze Elom
AU  - Okhifo Anthony
AU  - Peretomode Tekena Michael
Y1  - 2018/11/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 169
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
AB  - Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

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