American Journal of Pediatrics

| Peer-Reviewed |

Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria

Received: Jun. 19, 2020    Accepted: Jul. 09, 2020    Published: Jul. 17, 2020
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Background: Renal diseases are currently posing a great health concern worldwide. Proper documentation, knowledge of renal disease burdens, and established renal registries will provide data to guide stake-holders in future planning and resource allocation. This study aims at documenting the pattern and outcome of childhood renal diseases admitted at our centre. Methods: This was a prospective study of all childhood renal diseases admitted into the pediatrics wards of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, from October 2013 to October 2018. The demographic characteristics of the patients, ingestion of herbal concoctions, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, diagnosis and management outcomes were documented, and analysed. Result: A total of 6108 children were admitted into the paediatric wards during the study period. One hundred and four (104) of them had renal diseases, accounting for 1.7% of paediatric admissions. There was male preponderance (55.8%) with a Male: Female ratio of 1.3:1. Sex had significant association with renal diseases (p-Value=0.025). The age range was 0.5 – 16 years with a mean age of 7.9±4.5 years. Majority (40.4%) of the patients were aged 5-10 years (p-Value 0.021). Nephrotic Syndrome (47.1%), Acute Kidney Injury (10.6%) and Acute Glomerular Nephritis (10.6%) were the commonest causes of admission. Proteinuria (39.4%), Oedema (39.4%) and Oliguria (26.9%) were the most frequent clinical presentations. Progressive increase in yearly diagnosis of renal diseases was observed. More than 90% of the patients took herbal remedies before presentation (p-Value=0.001). Mortality rate was 4.8%. Causes of death were Chronic Kidney Disease (40%), Acute Kidney Injury (20%), Wilms tumour (20%), and HIVAN (20%). Conclusion: The prevalence of childhood renal diseases in Aba is 1.7%. Nephrotic syndrome is the commonest cause of renal admission in our centre. Ingestion of herbal concoctions by our cohort was high. There was an annual increment in the number of renal disorders in our centre. Preventive nephrology should be adopted to curb the morbidity and mortality from renal diseases worldwide.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27
Published in American Journal of Pediatrics ( Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2020 )
Page(s) 278-284
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Childhood, Renal Diseases, Aba, Nigeria

References
[1] Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases study 2010.
[2] Ezeonwu B, Okike C, Oguonu T, Nwankwo O. Pattern of renal diseases in children admitted into the paeditric ward. Afr J paed Nephrol. 2014; 1: 8-11.
[3] Ikpeme EE, Dixon-Umo OT. Paediatric renal diseases in Uyo, Nigeria: a 10 year review, Afr J Paed. Nephrol. 2014; 1: 12-17.
[4] Ladapo TA, Esezobor CI, Lesi FE. Paediatric kidney diseases in an African Country: Prevalence, spectrum and outcome. Saudi J Dis Transpl. 2014; 25: 1110-1116.
[5] Elzouki AY, Amin F, Jaiswal OP. Prevalence and pattern of renal disease in eastern Libya. Arch Dis child. 1983; 58 (2): 106-109.
[6] Okoro BA, Okafor HU. Pattern of childhood renal disorders in Enugu. Niger J Paediatr. 1999; 26: 14-8.
[7] Rahman MH, Karim MA, Hoque E, Hossan MM. Chronic renal failure in children. Myensigh medical journal: MMJ. 2005; 14 (2): 156-159.
[8] Esezobor CI, Ladapo TA, Osinaike B, Lesi FEA. Pediatric acute kidney injury in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: prevalence, causes and mortality rate. PLos one. 2012; 7 (12): e51229.
[9] Alom MN, Nsibu CN, Meeko-Mimaniye M, Ekulu PM, Bodi JM. Acute renal failure in Congolese children: a tertiary institution experience. Acta paediatr. 2012: 101: e514-8.
[10] Jha V, Parameswaran S. Community-acquired acute kidney injury in tropical countries. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013; 9: 278-90.
[11] Ali el-TM, Abduraheem MB, Mohamed RM, Hassan EG, Watson AR. Chronic renal failure in Sudanese children: aetiology and outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24: 349-53.
[12] Bhimma R, Adhikari M, Asharam K, Conolly C. The specyrum of chronic kidney disease (stages 2-5) in Kwazulu-natal, South Africa. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008; 23: 1841-6.
[13] Kayange NM, Smart LR, Tallman JE, Chu EY, Fitzgerald DW, Pain KJ et al. Kidney disease among children in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review. Pediatric Research. 2015; 77: 272-281.
[14] Asinobi AO, Ademola AD, Ogunkunle OO, Yaria J. Trends in the Epidemiology of Severe Pediatric Non-surgical Renal Disorders in Ibadan Nigeria: A Marked Increase in the Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury. British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research. 2016; 11 (12): 1-11. Article no. BJMMR. 21480.
[15] Alebiosu CO, Ayodele OE. The global burden of chronic kidney disease and the way forward. Ethnicity and disease. 2005; 15 (3): 418-423.
[16] Ardissino G, Dacco V, Testa S, Bonaudo R, Claris-Appiani A, Taioli E, et al. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the itakid project. Pediatrics. 2003: 111: e382-e387.
[17] Megnid EI, Nahas A, Bello AK. Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. Lancet. 2005: 365 (9456): 331-340.
[18] Van der Heijden BJ, Van Dijk PC, Verrier-Jones K, Jager KJ, Briggs JD. Renal replacement therapy in children: data from 12 registries in Europe. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004: 19 (2): 213-221.
[19] Anochie I, Eke F. Chronic renal failure in children: a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria (1985-2000) Pediatr Nephrol. 2003; 18: 692-5.
[20] Abdurrahman MB, Babaoye FA, Aikhionbare HA. Childhood renal disorders in Nigeria. Pediatr Nephrol. 1990; 4 (1): 88-93.
[21] Ochike IE, Okolo SN, Bode-Thomas F, Agaba EI. Pattern of childhood renal disease in Jos, Nigeria: A preliminary report. J med Trop. 2010; 12 (2): 52-55.
[22] Anigilaje EA, Adesina TC. The pattern and outcomes of childhood renal diseases at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria: A 4 year retrospective review. Niger Postgrad Med J [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 30]; 26: 53-60.
[23] Bhimma R, Kalo U. Childhood kidney diseases in developing countries: Is it a forgotten disease? S Afr J Child Health 2016; 10: 103-4.
[24] Yadav SP, Shah GS, Mishra OP, Baral N. Pattern of renal diseases in children: A developing country experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016; 27 (2): 371-6.
[25] Barman H, Sangla L, Ksoo R, Rapthap K. Pattern of Pediatric Kidney Diseases in a Tertiary Care Center in Northeast India: a 5-year Retrospective Analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nephrology. 2018. Vol. 6 No. 2 (6): https: //doi.org/10.22037/jpn.v6i2.21106.
[26] Niaudet P, Boyer O, “Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood: clinical aspects,” in Pediatric Nephrology, E. D. Avner, W. E. Harmon, and N. Yoshikawa, Eds., pp. 667–692, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 6th edition, 2009.
[27] KDIGO Clinical practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012: 2 (1): 19-36.
[28] National Kidney foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. AM J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39 (2 suppl 1): S1-266.
[29] Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012, 2: 139-274.
[30] National High blood pressure Education program working group on High Blood Pressure in children and adolescents. The fourth report on the, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114 (2 suppl 4th Report) 555-76.
[31] Hay AD, Whiting P, Butler CC. How best to diagnose urinary tract infection in preschool children in primary care? BMJ. 2011; 343 (2): d316-d6316.
[32] Garba BI, Muhammad AS, Obasi AB, Adeniji AO. Presentation and pattern of childhood renal diseases in Gusau, North-Western Nigeria. S Afr J Child Health 2017; 11 (2): 96-98.
[33] Ibeneme CA, Okoronkwo NC, Ezuruike E, Nwala G, Oguonu T. Pattern of Childhood Renal disorders in Umuahia, South East Nigeria. Med Health Dev. June 2015; 20 (1): 21-29.
[34] Etuk IS, Anah MU, Ochighs SO, Eyong M. Pattern of paediatric renal disease in inpatients in Calabar, Nigeria. Trop Doct. 2006; 36 (4): 256.
[35] Iqbal J, Rahman MA, Khan MA. Pattern of renal diseases in children. J Pak Med Assoc. 1994; 44 (5): 118-120.
[36] Bhatta NK, Shrestha P, Budhathoki S, Kalakheti BK, Poudel P, Sinha A et al. Profile of renal diseases in Nepalese children. Kathmandu Uni Med J. 2008; 6 (2): 191-194.
[37] Col MK. Chronic Kidney disease in children: An Indian perspective. Med J Armed Forces India. 2009; 65: 45-9.
[38] Eke FU, Eke NN. Renal disorders in children: a Nigerian study. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994; 8: 383-6.
[39] Muenchhoff M, Goulder PJ. Sex differences in pediatric infectious diseases. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15; 209 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): S120-6.
[40] Bagga A, Mantan M. Nephrotic syndrome in children. Indian J Med Res. 2005; 122; 13-28.
[41] Michael IO, Gabriel OE. Pattern of Renal Diseases in Children in Midwestern zone of Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant. 2003; 14: 539-44.
[42] Odetunde OI, Okafor HU, Uwaezuoke SN, Ezeonwu BU, Adiele KD, Ukoha OM. Chronic kidney disease in children as seen in a tertiary hospital in Enugu, South-East, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014; 17: 196-200.
[43] Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014; 4 (177): 1-10.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nneka Chioma Okoronkwo, Assumpta Udechi Chappjumbo, Benson Nnamdi Onyire, Samuel Chidi Ekpemo, Stella Nnenne Ijeoma. (2020). Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria. American Journal of Pediatrics, 6(3), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Nneka Chioma Okoronkwo; Assumpta Udechi Chappjumbo; Benson Nnamdi Onyire; Samuel Chidi Ekpemo; Stella Nnenne Ijeoma. Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria. Am. J. Pediatr. 2020, 6(3), 278-284. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Nneka Chioma Okoronkwo, Assumpta Udechi Chappjumbo, Benson Nnamdi Onyire, Samuel Chidi Ekpemo, Stella Nnenne Ijeoma. Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria. Am J Pediatr. 2020;6(3):278-284. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27,
      author = {Nneka Chioma Okoronkwo and Assumpta Udechi Chappjumbo and Benson Nnamdi Onyire and Samuel Chidi Ekpemo and Stella Nnenne Ijeoma},
      title = {Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {6},
      number = {3},
      pages = {278-284},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20200603.27},
      abstract = {Background: Renal diseases are currently posing a great health concern worldwide. Proper documentation, knowledge of renal disease burdens, and established renal registries will provide data to guide stake-holders in future planning and resource allocation. This study aims at documenting the pattern and outcome of childhood renal diseases admitted at our centre. Methods: This was a prospective study of all childhood renal diseases admitted into the pediatrics wards of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, from October 2013 to October 2018. The demographic characteristics of the patients, ingestion of herbal concoctions, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, diagnosis and management outcomes were documented, and analysed. Result: A total of 6108 children were admitted into the paediatric wards during the study period. One hundred and four (104) of them had renal diseases, accounting for 1.7% of paediatric admissions. There was male preponderance (55.8%) with a Male: Female ratio of 1.3:1. Sex had significant association with renal diseases (p-Value=0.025). The age range was 0.5 – 16 years with a mean age of 7.9±4.5 years. Majority (40.4%) of the patients were aged 5-10 years (p-Value 0.021). Nephrotic Syndrome (47.1%), Acute Kidney Injury (10.6%) and Acute Glomerular Nephritis (10.6%) were the commonest causes of admission. Proteinuria (39.4%), Oedema (39.4%) and Oliguria (26.9%) were the most frequent clinical presentations. Progressive increase in yearly diagnosis of renal diseases was observed. More than 90% of the patients took herbal remedies before presentation (p-Value=0.001). Mortality rate was 4.8%. Causes of death were Chronic Kidney Disease (40%), Acute Kidney Injury (20%), Wilms tumour (20%), and HIVAN (20%). Conclusion: The prevalence of childhood renal diseases in Aba is 1.7%. Nephrotic syndrome is the commonest cause of renal admission in our centre. Ingestion of herbal concoctions by our cohort was high. There was an annual increment in the number of renal disorders in our centre. Preventive nephrology should be adopted to curb the morbidity and mortality from renal diseases worldwide.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Pattern of Childhood Renal Diseases in Aba, South East Nigeria
    AU  - Nneka Chioma Okoronkwo
    AU  - Assumpta Udechi Chappjumbo
    AU  - Benson Nnamdi Onyire
    AU  - Samuel Chidi Ekpemo
    AU  - Stella Nnenne Ijeoma
    Y1  - 2020/07/17
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    SP  - 278
    EP  - 284
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20200603.27
    AB  - Background: Renal diseases are currently posing a great health concern worldwide. Proper documentation, knowledge of renal disease burdens, and established renal registries will provide data to guide stake-holders in future planning and resource allocation. This study aims at documenting the pattern and outcome of childhood renal diseases admitted at our centre. Methods: This was a prospective study of all childhood renal diseases admitted into the pediatrics wards of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, from October 2013 to October 2018. The demographic characteristics of the patients, ingestion of herbal concoctions, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, diagnosis and management outcomes were documented, and analysed. Result: A total of 6108 children were admitted into the paediatric wards during the study period. One hundred and four (104) of them had renal diseases, accounting for 1.7% of paediatric admissions. There was male preponderance (55.8%) with a Male: Female ratio of 1.3:1. Sex had significant association with renal diseases (p-Value=0.025). The age range was 0.5 – 16 years with a mean age of 7.9±4.5 years. Majority (40.4%) of the patients were aged 5-10 years (p-Value 0.021). Nephrotic Syndrome (47.1%), Acute Kidney Injury (10.6%) and Acute Glomerular Nephritis (10.6%) were the commonest causes of admission. Proteinuria (39.4%), Oedema (39.4%) and Oliguria (26.9%) were the most frequent clinical presentations. Progressive increase in yearly diagnosis of renal diseases was observed. More than 90% of the patients took herbal remedies before presentation (p-Value=0.001). Mortality rate was 4.8%. Causes of death were Chronic Kidney Disease (40%), Acute Kidney Injury (20%), Wilms tumour (20%), and HIVAN (20%). Conclusion: The prevalence of childhood renal diseases in Aba is 1.7%. Nephrotic syndrome is the commonest cause of renal admission in our centre. Ingestion of herbal concoctions by our cohort was high. There was an annual increment in the number of renal disorders in our centre. Preventive nephrology should be adopted to curb the morbidity and mortality from renal diseases worldwide.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Paediatrics, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

  • Department of Paediatrics, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

  • Department of Paediatrics, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

  • Department of Surgery, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

  • Department of Paediatrics, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

  • Section