Objective: To establish baseline data and characterize the epidemiological spectrum of chronic diseases in the population of Hainan Province. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of six chronic diseases among residents stratified by gender and age, reveal longitudinal trends in these conditions, and propose evidence-based health policy recommendations and practical guidelines. Methods: Surveillance data from four survey years (2013–2023) of the Hainan Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Monitoring Project were analyzed. A total of 12,925 permanent residents aged ≥15 years were assessed through structured questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory testing. The target conditions included hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, and asthma. Data were processed using Excel 2023 and SPSS 27.0. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and proportions, with chi-square tests employed for compositional comparisons and linear trend analyses. Results: From 2013 to 2023, significant upward trends were observed in the prevalence of hypertension (χ² trend = 360.311), diabetes (χ² trend = 557.576), dyslipidemia (χ² trend = 105.705), and myocardial infarction (χ² trend = 46.992), while malignant tumors showed a declining trend (χ² trend = 28.528). Age-stratified analysis demonstrated increasing prevalence of hypertension (χ² trend = 969.700), diabetes (χ² trend = 437.796), dyslipidemia (χ² trend = 182.111), and myocardial infarction (χ² trend = 46.992) with advancing age, though dyslipidemia prevalence decreased in the >80-year age group. Asthma prevalence exhibited an age-dependent increase (χ² trend = 3.960) without significant gender-based linear trends. Conclusion: During 2013–2023, residents of Hainan Province exhibited high and increasing prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Significant disparities existed in the decadal trends of six major chronic diseases—including decreased prevalence of malignant tumors and increased asthma prevalence—with most conditions demonstrating age-progressive patterns. Consequently, Hainan Province should intensify early screening initiatives and enhance public health education on chronic disease prevention.

Chronic Diseases, Disease Spectrum, Temporal Trends