Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra

Received: 1 April 2024     Accepted: 24 April 2024     Published: 2 July 2024
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

To ascertain the quality of water used for drinking purpose, by the consumers and wildlife, water quality monitoring of the groundwater and surface water sources was conducted in Pench Tiger Reserve area in Maharashtra. The fecal streptococci (FS) and fecal coliforms (FC) ranged from 0-5 CFU/100ml and 0-62 CFU/100ml respectively. The bacterial contamination in groundwater may be because of improper source protection and possibility of enroute contamination. Geogenic background has major impact on groundwater quality in Pench with gneisses and basaltic type of formation which reflect on the physicochemical water quality parameters. Water quality parameters like turbidity, fluoride, iron and bacterial counts are above the permissible limit in some water sources making the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. The high turbidity in the groundwater samples is attributed to the presence of iron precipitates. Study area is covered with red ferruginous soils which are rich in iron and contributes to iron content in groundwater. Appropriate treatment is required to reduce down the iron and fluoride concentrations followed by disinfection so that the water quality parameters fulfill BIS guidelines for potability of water. The correlation and regression analysis among different water quality parameters helps in establishing relationships among water quality parameters drawing inferences about them. Water quality monitoring at regular interval with suitable treatment measures is very much essential to provide safe drinking water to the consumers.

Published in Advances in Applied Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12
Page(s) 31-36
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Iron, Fluoride, Fecal Streptococci, Fecal Coliform, Disinfection

1. Introduction
Water conservation and its purification are very much essential for betterment of the life . The quality and quantity are important issues pertaining to water, since in recent years, the quality of the water deteriorated due to industrialization, urbanization, intensive agriculture and allied developmental activities which render the water unsuitable for intended beneficial uses on day to day basis . Quality of groundwater is mainly based on the physicochemical constituents due to rock weathering and human activities . Therefore it is required to protect and manage the groundwater quality because if it is contaminated it is difficult to regain its quality .
The water quality is defined by a set of physicochemical and biological characteristics . These characteristics need to be organized into guidelines pertaining to suitability of water for designated use . The study is undertaken to understand the quality of available water sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Nagpur, Maharashtra state, India. Pench Tiger Reserve is wildlife destinations of central India which is an ideal destination for its rich variety of flora and fauna and also one of the major tourist attractions . Nine villages are situated on the periphery of Pench tiger reserve and only one village named Fulzari is located inside the forest boundary. About 4000 people and 4097 cattle depend on the available resources including existing water sources in the study area. People use water from the available water sources in the area that face water quality issues. In order to provide safe drinking water to the consumers, assessment of water quality was carried out in Pench tiger reserve area in Maharashtra.
2. Materials and Methodology
Study Area: Pench tiger reserve is located at the southernmost side of the Satpura hill range at the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, at about 67 Km from Nagpur on NH-7. It is contiguous on the south with the 257.23 sq. km. area. Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) belongs to Level-1, Tiger Conservation Unit-31 . Geogenic background has major impact on groundwater quality in Pench with gneisses and basaltic type of formation. The study area is drained by a number of seasonal streams, several water pools, locally known as dohs, acts as water holes for the wild life and local people .
2.1. Sampling and Analyses
For monitoring of water quality at Pench tiger reserve area in Maharashtra twenty water sources, comprised of eighteen India Mark II (IM2) hand pumps, one dug well and one lake, were selected for water quality assessment. The representative water samples were collected from the selected sources with standard procedure . Sampling location details are given in Table 1. Mogra lake is situated within the forest area where most of the animals come to quench their thirst. The water sample of Mogra lake was really helpful to obtain an idea about quality of water consumed by domestic and wild animals. The water quality parameters viz. turbidity, pH, conductivity, DO and COD was analyzed to assess the water quality of Mogra lake. The preservation and testing of the water samples was performed with standard methods and results are depicted in Table 2.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
Statistical approach is helpful for promoting research, knowledge studies and new exposure to reduce the level of uncertainty in decision making. Correlation analysis provides a mechanism for prediction or forecasting by making attempts to understand the relationship between the variables . The relationship among various water quality parameters was determined by correlation coefficient (r) and measured by the formula (1) given below and r values are provided in Table 2.
r=NXiYi-Xi×(Yi)NXi2-Xi)2[NYi2-(Yi)2](1)
Where, X & Y: water quality parameters. N: No. of observations.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Water Quality of Studied Sources
Water quality data (Table 1) showed that all the parameters except turbidity, fluoride and iron in few water samples are below permissible limit as per BIS standards. The water quality data reveals that turbidity is exceeding permissible limit except four samples (10, 15, 19 & 20). The high turbidity in the groundwater samples is attributed to the presence of iron precipitates, general management practices and possibility of enroute contamination. Higher turbidity in drinking water is aesthetically not acceptable as it may provide food and shelter to the pathogens and also having a strong relationship with protozoa .
The fluoride concentration in water, except sample Nos. 15 and 20 are below permissible limit . High fluoride in water is a result of geogenic contamination and the samples which exceeded the acceptable limit for fluoride are not recommended for consumption without treatment. Fluoride stimulates birth-rate of osteoblasts, but at higher dose reduces the activity . Animals can ingest some fluorides in their diet without adverse effect but high fluoride can be harmful to animals .
The iron concentration in water exceeded the permissible limit except for sample 10 and 15. The high iron concentration is due to processes involved during rock formation and the geological stratum. Study area is covered with red and lateritic soils which are rich in iron and contributes to iron content in groundwater. Groundwater do not show discoloration or turbidity due to iron under reduced condition, but upon exposure to atmosphere the ferrous form of iron oxidizes to ferric form, imparting an undesirable reddish-brown colour to the water and also promotes “iron bacteria” .
Microbiological testing of water samples shows the existence of FC and FS in some water samples, indicating microbiological contamination, thus making the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. Generally microorganisms do not found in groundwater, still some water samples showed bacterial contamination. The presence of bacterial contamination may be attributed to factors such as low water level, breakage, leakage of hand pumps etc. Hand pumps located in low lying areas can be affected by rainwater drainage, storm water discharge and seepage water, which in turn may lead to bacterial contamination.
Table 1. Sample location details.

S. N.

Location

S. N.

Location

S. N.

Location

1

Ghotigate HP

8

Hattigota protection hut HP

15

Salama gate (Dugwell)

2

Tuyapar protectin hut HP

9

Bhimsen HP

16

Bakhari protection HP

3

Kirrangi sarra protection hut HP

10

Saddle dam protection hut HP

17

Sillari cheaking gate HP

4

Kirrangi sarra cheaking gate HP

11

Nagdev pahadi Tippat HP

18

Sillary colony HP

5

Research centre Ranidhoh HP

12

Pivathali protection hut HP

19

Pipariya forest colony HP

6

Hattigota HP

13

Dugout Pond (surface water)

20

Pauni gate HP

7

Sadisarra HP

14

Chikhaldari HP

Table 2. Water quality parameters of study area.

Parameters

BIS: 10500 2012

WHO: 1996

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

pH

6.5-8.5

6.5-8.5

6.9

7

7.2

6.7

7

7.5

7.4

6.8

7.1

7.1

Turbidity (NTU)

5-10

161

25

484

10

33

67

102

292

61

1

EC (μS/cm)

475

760

460

522

448

437

647

573

750

875

TDS

500-2000

285

456

276

313

269

262

388

344

450

525

TH

300-600

204

400

164

212

172

184

248

232

192

452

Ca (meq/L)

75-200

2.72

4.8

1.84

1.92

2

2.4

4.32

2.8

3.36

4.16

Mg (meq/L)

30-100

1.36

3.2

1.44

2.32

1.44

1.28

0.64

1.84

0.48

4.88

Na

38.8

74.2

37

33.9

32.2

26.1

43.5

32.5

71.5

4.7

K

2.9

3.7

3.2

2.8

3.5

2.9

1.6

0.6

3.8

3.6

HCO3

244-732

132

142

132

84

134

118

197

168

194

259

Alkalinity

200-600

120

220

236

220

140

224

196

328

280

324

432

Cl

250

250

20

28

16

46

12

12

14

14

16

16

SO4

200-400

200-400

1

195

1.3

17.9

1.8

2.1

2.8

1.1

1.6

2.6

NO3

45

50

0.6

7.5

0.8

25

1

1.3

0.7

0.3

0.5

8.8

F

1.0-1.5

1.0-1.5

0.3

1.2

0.8

0.3

0.3

0.8

1.1

0.8

0.4

0.2

Fe

0.3-1.0

0.3-1.0

4

0.4

4.1

3

3.7

3.9

3.4

3.3

3.8

0.2

FC (CFU/ 100 ml)

0

0

32

ND

2

ND

ND

TNTC

2

ND

ND

ND

FS (CFU/ 100 ml)

0

0

ND

ND

ND

1

ND

4

5

ND

ND

ND

Parameters

BIS: 10500 2012

WHO: 1996

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

pH

6.5-8.5

6.5-8.5

8

6.9

7.3

6.9

7.4

6.9

6.7

6.9

7.2

7.4

Turbidity (NTU)

5-10

25

17

95

86

1

263

407

361

1

1

EC (μS/cm)

393

649

117

962

1033

723

700

1060

609

1063

TDS

500-2000

236

389

70

577

620

434

420

636

365

638

TH

300-600

132

248

52

340

288

280

296

476

236

188

Ca (meq/L)

75-200

1.92

3.12

0.4

5.04

4.32

4

4

6.72

3.44

1.68

Mg (meq/L)

30-100

0.72

1.84

0.64

1.76

1.44

1.6

1.92

2.8

1.28

2.08

Na

43.9

42.4

6.3

77

81.6

40.8

34.5

27.1

7.4

141

K

2.6

7.2

5.5

6.3

1.9

2.3

1.9

0.7

0.4

3.9

HCO3

244-732

103

173

31

250

240

180

204

204

144

266

Alkalinity

200-600

120

172

288

52

416

400

300

340

340

240

444

Cl

250

250

12

16

8

62

32

14

18

92

14

50

SO4

200-400

200-400

0.4

1.3

22.5

5.6

18

2.3

2.3

38.9

3.3

11

NO3

45

50

1

0.8

1.7

0.8

14.9

0.4

0.6

0.4

18

19.2

F

1.0-1.5

1.0-1.5

0.7

0.5

0.1

0.5

1.7

0.6

0.9

1

0.4

1.8

Fe

0.3-1.0

0.3-1.0

2.1

3.7

4.1

3.7

0.1

3.5

3.9

3.6

0.5

0.4

FC (CFU/ 100 ml)

0

0

TNTC

62

TNTC

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

FS (CFU/ 100 ml)

0

0

1

1

8

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

*all parameters are in mg/l except pH; *ND – Not Detected; *TNTC – Too Numerous to Count
3.2. Correlation Matrix for the Water Quality Parameters
Correlation coefficient represents the degree of relationship existing between two variables where one of them is dependent variable. The regression variables are appropriate and more suitable if regression coefficient value is greater . The matrix of correlation for various water quality parameters is provided in Table 3.
Table 3. Correlation matrix for water quality parameters.

pH

EC

Turb.

TDS

Fe

TH

Ca2+

Mg2+

Na+

K+

Cl

NO3-

SO42-

Alk.

F-

pH

1.00

EC

-0.21

1.00

Turb.

-0.33

-0.04

1.00

TDS

-0.21

1.00

-0.04

1.00

Fe

-0.25

-0.47

0.53

-0.47

1.00

TH

-0.44

0.74

0.11

0.74

-0.34

1.00

Ca2+

-0.34

0.73

0.18

0.73

-0.17

0.90

1.00

Mg2+

-0.41

0.47

-0.03

0.47

-0.46

0.77

0.41

1.00

Na+

0.15

0.57

-0.22

0.57

-0.32

0.01

0.06

-0.07

1.00

K+

-0.02

-0.10

-0.34

-0.10

0.19

-0.18

-0.26

0.01

0.23

1.00

Cl-

-0.26

0.66

0.11

0.66

-0.07

0.54

0.54

0.34

0.35

-0.04

1.00

NO3-

-0.02

0.27

-0.49

0.27

-0.68

0.03

-0.14

0.27

0.26

-0.15

0.23

1.00

SO42-

-0.12

0.15

-0.13

0.15

-0.37

0.39

0.30

0.37

0.21

0.05

0.19

0.13

1.00

Alk

-0.16

0.90

0.00

0.90

-0.38

0.62

0.61

0.40

0.51

-0.03

0.39

0.08

-0.11

1.00

F-

0.27

0.57

0.06

0.57

-0.43

0.18

0.25

0.02

0.71

-0.25

0.30

0.23

0.29

0.48

1.00

Very poor positive correlation was observed between pH and sodium (r = 0.15), turbidity and hardness (r = 0.11), turbidity and calcium (r = 0.18), turbidity and chlorides ( r = 0.11) turbidity and fluoride (r = 0.06), TDS and sulphate (r = 0.15), hardness and sodium (0.01), hardness and nitrate (r = 0.03), sodium and calcium (r = 0.06), magnesium and potassium (r = 0.01), potassium and sulphate (r = 0.05), nitrate and alkalinity (r = 0.08) while there is no correlation seen between turbidity and alkalinity. The negative correlation was found between iron and nitrate (r = -0.68).
Significant positive correlations were found between EC and TDS (0.996), hardness and EC (0.737), calcium and EC (0.728), calcium and hardness (0.890), magnesium and hardness (0.771), alkalinity and EC (0.903), alkalinity and TDS (0.903), alkalinity and hardness (0.620), chloride and TDS (0.66). The examination of the integrated samples indicates a reciprocal relationship between iron and fluoride (-0.43), iron and nitrate (-0.68). Turbidity, pH, iron, and potassium are having negative correlation with many water quality parameters which is in conformity with findings by Patil and Patil . It is concluded that correlation among water quality parameters are very much important in water quality .
3.3. Water Quality of Mogra Lake
Field observations and laboratory findings revealed copious growth of aquatic plants in Mogra lake water. Species of blue-green algae appear in thick mats on the surface of the lake water. The lake water has green colouration imparting turbidity of 332 NTU and sulphidic smell due to putrefaction of organic matter. It was also found that some fishes present in the lake were dead and floating on the surface of water body. The DO content of lake water is estimated to be 1.2 mg/L as O2 and the COD was found to be 290 mg/l. The pH and electrical conductivity were found to be 7.5 and 699 μS/cm respectively during water analysis.
As per CPCB standards, the DO requirement for propagation of wild life and fisheries is 4 mg/L. Hence, lake water is not suitable for propagation of wild life at present and provision of safe water is very much essential, which can be done by refilling the lake with fresh water and by cleaning the lake with suitable remedial measures. DO in water can be improved with installation of fountains for aeration of water.
4. Conclusion
The findings from the study indicates that quality of the water sources exceeds the acceptable range as per BIS standards for drinking purpose and hence proper treatment is to be given to the water before using it for drinking purpose. The correlation and regression analysis for water quality parameters helps in establishing relationships among water quality parameters drawing inferences about them. The linear correlation is helpful to obtain an appropriate idea of the groundwater quality by determining limited parameters. The TDS and EC are very well correlated with most of the water parameters indicating the significance of these parameters in water quality. A linear regression analysis has good accuracy and acts as an important tool for monitoring drinking water quality. In future, more number of waterholes should be developed for the animals in the area to protect the wildlife of Pench Tiger Reserve from water scarcity, and to evade the hazards found in Mogra lake. Water quality monitoring at regular interval with suitable treatment measures is very much essential to provide safe drinking water to the consumers.
Abbreviations

WHO

World Health Organization

BIS

Bureau of Indian Standards

CPCB

Central Pollution Control Board

DO

Dissolved Oxygen

BOD

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NTU

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

EC

Electrical Conductivity

TDS

Total Dissolved Salts

FC

Fecal Coliforms

FS

Fecal Streptococci

Author Contributions
Gajanan Khadse: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Sandip Narnaware: Formal Analysis, Methodology
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] Jothivenkatachalam, K., Nithya, A. & Chandra Mohan, S. Correlation analysis of drinking water quality in and around Perur block of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Rasayan Journal Chemistry, 3(4), 2010, pp. 649-654.
[2] Champidi, P., Stamatis, G. &. Zangana, E., Groundwater quality assessment and geogenic and anthropogenic effect estimation in Erasinos basin (E. Attica). Europian water, 33, 2011, pp. 11-27.
[3] Biswas, S. P. & Boruah, S., Ecology of the river Dolphin (Platanista Gangetica) in the upper Brahmaputra. Hydrbiologia, 430, 2000, pp. 97-101.
[4] Wesley Godwin, S. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by industrial mollusks of Kanyakumari water. Poll. Res., 23(1), 2000, pp. 37- 40.
[5] Khan, N., Mathur, A. and Mathur, R., A study on drinking water quality in Laskhar (Gwalior). Indian J. Env. Prot., 25(3), 2004, pp. 222-224.
[6] Akinbile, C. O. & Yusoff, M. S., Environmental impact of leachate pollution on groundwater supplies in Akure, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2(1), 2011, pp. 81-89.
[7] Daraigan, S. G., Wahdain Ahmed, A. S., Ba-Mosa, S., ObidManal, H., Linear correlation analysis study of drinking water quality data for Al-Mukalla City, Hadhramout. Yemen International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(7), 2011.
[8] Gajendaran, C. & Thamarai, P. Study on statistical relationship between groundwater quality parameters in Nambiyar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Poll. Res., 27(4), 2008, pp. 679-683.
[9] Khan, M. A., Umar, R., Baten, M. A., Lateh, H. and Kamil, A. A., Seasonal variations in groundwater quality: A statistical approach. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 7(25), 2012, pp. 4026-4035. Available at
[10] FAO, Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Papers. 1994, Available at
[11] Khadse, G. K., Patni P. M., Kelkar P. S. & Devotta S., Qualitative evaluation of Kanhan River and its tributaries flowing over central Indian plateau. Environ. Monit. Assess., 147, 2008, pp. 83-92.
[12] Save Tigers: Available at endangered-tiger.
[13] Wikramanayake, E. D., Dinerstein, E., Robinson, G., Karanth, U., Rabinowitz, A., Olson, D., Mathew, T., Hedao, P., Conner, M. Hemley, G. & Bolze, D. An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: The Tiger as case study. Conservation Biology, 12, 1998, pp. 865–878.
[14] Pench Jungle Camp. About Pench Tiger Reserve. Available at
[15] CPCB., Groundwater Quality Series: GWQS/09/2006-2007. Status of groundwater quality in India, part -I. Central Pollution Control Board, (Ministry of Environment & Forests).
[16] APHA., Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste water, (20th ed.). Washington, D.C., 1999: APHA.
[17] APHA, AWWA, & WEF., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, (21st ed.). Washington, D.C., 2005: APHA.
[18] Greenberg, A. E., Connors, J. J., Jenkins, D. & Franson, M. A., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, (15th ed.). Washington, D. C., 1995: APHA.
[19] Kumar, N. & Sinha, D. K.,. Drinking water quality management through correlation studies among various physicochemical parameters: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 2010, pp. 253-259.
[20] Mehta, K. V., Physicochemical characteristics and statistical study of groundwater of some places of Vadgamtaluka in Banaskantha district of Gujarat state (India), Journal of Chemical Pharmaceutical Research, 2(4), 2010, pp. 663-670.
[21] Patil, V. T., & Patil, P. R., Physicochemical analysis of selected groundwater samples of Amalner town in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, India. Electronic Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 2010, pp. 111-116.
[22] EPA, Guidance Manual Turbidity Provisions 7-10 April, 1999. Web Address:
[23] BIS, Specifications for Drinking Water, IS: 10500: 2012, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[24] Chavassieux, P., Bone effects of fluoride in animal models in vivo: a review and a recent study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 5(S1), 1990, S95–S99.
[25] Sutie J. W., Effects of fluoride on livestock. J. Occup. Med. (1). 1977, 40-8.
[26] Jain, S. K., Agarwal, P. K. & Singh, V. P., Krishna and Godavari basins, Hydrology and water resources of India, vol. 57, 2007, pp. 641-699.
[27] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality (3rd ed.) incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Recommendations. Geneva, (1), 2008, 216.
[28] CPCB. The Gazette of India. Extraordinary, Part II, 1993. Ministry of Environment and Forest and Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Khadse, G., Narnaware, S. (2024). Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra. Advances in Applied Sciences, 9(2), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Khadse, G.; Narnaware, S. Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra. Adv. Appl. Sci. 2024, 9(2), 31-36. doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Khadse G, Narnaware S. Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra. Adv Appl Sci. 2024;9(2):31-36. doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12,
      author = {Gajanan Khadse and Sandip Narnaware},
      title = {Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra
    },
      journal = {Advances in Applied Sciences},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {31-36},
      doi = {10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aas.20240902.12},
      abstract = {To ascertain the quality of water used for drinking purpose, by the consumers and wildlife, water quality monitoring of the groundwater and surface water sources was conducted in Pench Tiger Reserve area in Maharashtra. The fecal streptococci (FS) and fecal coliforms (FC) ranged from 0-5 CFU/100ml and 0-62 CFU/100ml respectively. The bacterial contamination in groundwater may be because of improper source protection and possibility of enroute contamination. Geogenic background has major impact on groundwater quality in Pench with gneisses and basaltic type of formation which reflect on the physicochemical water quality parameters. Water quality parameters like turbidity, fluoride, iron and bacterial counts are above the permissible limit in some water sources making the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. The high turbidity in the groundwater samples is attributed to the presence of iron precipitates. Study area is covered with red ferruginous soils which are rich in iron and contributes to iron content in groundwater. Appropriate treatment is required to reduce down the iron and fluoride concentrations followed by disinfection so that the water quality parameters fulfill BIS guidelines for potability of water. The correlation and regression analysis among different water quality parameters helps in establishing relationships among water quality parameters drawing inferences about them. Water quality monitoring at regular interval with suitable treatment measures is very much essential to provide safe drinking water to the consumers.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Qualitative Assessment of Water Sources in Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra
    
    AU  - Gajanan Khadse
    AU  - Sandip Narnaware
    Y1  - 2024/07/02
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12
    T2  - Advances in Applied Sciences
    JF  - Advances in Applied Sciences
    JO  - Advances in Applied Sciences
    SP  - 31
    EP  - 36
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1514
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aas.20240902.12
    AB  - To ascertain the quality of water used for drinking purpose, by the consumers and wildlife, water quality monitoring of the groundwater and surface water sources was conducted in Pench Tiger Reserve area in Maharashtra. The fecal streptococci (FS) and fecal coliforms (FC) ranged from 0-5 CFU/100ml and 0-62 CFU/100ml respectively. The bacterial contamination in groundwater may be because of improper source protection and possibility of enroute contamination. Geogenic background has major impact on groundwater quality in Pench with gneisses and basaltic type of formation which reflect on the physicochemical water quality parameters. Water quality parameters like turbidity, fluoride, iron and bacterial counts are above the permissible limit in some water sources making the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. The high turbidity in the groundwater samples is attributed to the presence of iron precipitates. Study area is covered with red ferruginous soils which are rich in iron and contributes to iron content in groundwater. Appropriate treatment is required to reduce down the iron and fluoride concentrations followed by disinfection so that the water quality parameters fulfill BIS guidelines for potability of water. The correlation and regression analysis among different water quality parameters helps in establishing relationships among water quality parameters drawing inferences about them. Water quality monitoring at regular interval with suitable treatment measures is very much essential to provide safe drinking water to the consumers.
    
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India

  • CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India