Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), are two economically important crops in the southern United States. The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a highly polyphagous pest that attacks a wide range of crops including cowpea and tomato causing a reduction in yield and produce quality. Considering the damage and the associated losses in cowpea and tomato production by this and other pests, as well as the demand for reduced use of pesticides, there is a need to cultivate varieties that are resistant to N. viridula. One key indicator of resistance is host nutritional availability and adequacy. This study evaluated the effect of two selected varieties of cowpea and tomato on the growth and development of N. viridula under laboratory conditions as a first step towards the assessment of nutritional adequacy of both crops. We carried out feeding experiments to compare food utilization and suitability by various life stages of N. viridula. The food substrates tested included fresh immature cowpea pods, fresh cowpea seeds, dry cowpea seeds and newly ripened tomato fruits. Overall, mean nymphal mortality was less when reared on cowpea (63.7±2.9%) than tomato (83.0±1.8%). Nymphs required less time to complete development on cowpea (27.8±2.8d) than on tomato (45.0±3.9d). Fresh body weight at adult emergence was greater on cowpea (132.3±12.1mg) than tomato (83.9±1.5mg). Consumption index (CI) and growth rate (GR) were higher on cowpea (CI: 22.0 ±1.3; GR: 2.1±0.3) than tomato (CI: 8.7±1.4; GR: 0.9±0.1). Collectively, these results suggest that cowpea provided a more suitable nutritional substrate for nymphal development. Many small vegetable growers cultivate both crops.
| Published in | American Journal of Entomology (Volume 4, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-9 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Nutritional Index, Cowpea, Nezara viridula, Tomato
| [1] | Esquivel, J. F., D. L. Musolin, W. A. Jones, W. Rabitsch, J. K. Greene, M. D. Toews, and R. M. McPherson (2018) Nezara viridula (L.). Invasive stink bugs and related species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, higher systematics, semiochemistry, and management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 351-423. |
| [2] | Cantón, P. E. and B. C. Bonning (2019) Proteases and nucleases across midgut tissues of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) display distinct activity profiles that are conserved through life stages. Journal of insect physiology, 119, 103965. |
| [3] | Panizzi, A. R and T. Lucini (2016) What happened to Nezara viridula (L.) in the Americas? Possible reasons to explain populations decline. Neotropical entomology, 45 (6), 619-628. |
| [4] | Grozea, I., A. M. Virteiu, R. Stef, A. Carabet, L. Molnar, V. Marcu, and D. Draga (2016) The Spread of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Species from its First Occurrence in Romania. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture, 73 (2). |
| [5] | Lucini T, and A. R. Panizzi (2018) Electropenetrography (EPG): a breakthrough tool unveiling stink bug (Pentatomidae) feeding on plants. Neotropical entomology, 47 (1), 6-18. |
| [6] | Ewunkem, J. A., L. E. N. Jackai, H. Osofuhene Sintim, and B. N. Dingha (2014) Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem? on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. A, 4 (7A). |
| [7] | Clower, D. F (1958) Damage to corn by the southern green stink bug. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51 (4), 471-473. |
| [8] | Todd, J. W and D. C. Herzog (1980) Sampling phytophagous Pentatomidae on soybean. In Sampling methods in soybean entomology Springer New York. pp. 438–478. |
| [9] | Greene, J. K, S. G. Turnipseed, M. J. Sullivan, and O. L. May (2001) Treatment thresholds for stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (2), 403-409. |
| [10] | Pedigo, L. P (2002) Entomology and pest management. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. |
| [11] | Reeves, R. B, J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, M. D. Toews and P. D. Gerard (2010) Effects of adjacent habitat on populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton as part of a variable agricultural landscape in South Carolina. Environmental entomology, 39 (5), 1420-1427. |
| [12] | Tillman, P. G (2011) Influence of corn on stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in subsequent crops. Environmental entomology, 40 (5), 1159-1176. |
| [13] | Temple, J. H., J. A. Davis, S. Micinski, J. T. Hardke, P. Price, B. R. Leonard (2013) Species composition and seasonal abundance of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Louisiana soybean. Environmental entomology, 42 (4), 648-657. |
| [14] | Williams, M. R (2015). Cotton insect losses-2014. (http://www.entomology.msstate.edu/resources/croplosses/2014loss.asp). |
| [15] | Payne, J. A. and J. M. Wells (1984) Toxic penicillia isolated from lesions of kernel-spotted pecans. Environmental entomology, 13 (6), 1609-1612. |
| [16] | Medrano, E. G., J. Esquivel, A. Bell, J. Greene, P. Roberts, J. Bacheler, and J. Lopez (2009) Potential for Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Transmit Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens into Cotton Bolls. Current microbiology, 59 (4), 405-412. |
| [17] | Wiman, N. G., V. M. Walton, P. W. Shearer, and S. I. Rondon (2014) Electronically monitored labial dabbing and stylet ‘probing ’behaviors of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in simulated environments. PloS one, 9 (12), e113514. |
| [18] | Simpson, S. J (1990) The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects. Insect-plant interactions, 2, 111-160. |
| [19] | Tillman, P. G., T. D. Northfield, R. F. Mizell, and T. C. Riddle (2009) Spatiotemporal patterns and dispersal of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in peanut-cotton farm scapes. Environmental Entomology, 38 (4), 1038-1052. |
| [20] | Blumberg, D. and E. Swirski (1974) Prey consumption and preying ability of three species of Cybocephalus (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae). Phytoparasitica, 2 (1), 3-11. |
| [21] | Panizzi, A. R. and A. M. Meneguim (1989) Performance of nymphal and adult Nezara viridula on selected alternate host plants. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 50 (3), 215-223. |
| [22] | Ashfaq, M., K. J. Ahmad, and A. Ali (2003) Morphophysical factors affecting consumption and coefficient of utilization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Pakistan Journal of Applied Sciences, 3 (4), 225-230. |
| [23] | Gimnig, J. E., M. Ombok, S. Otieno, M. G. Kaufman, J. M. Vulule, and E. D. Walker (2002) Density-dependent development of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in artificial habitats. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39 (1), 162-172. |
| [24] | Panizzi, A. R. and R. M. Alves (1993) Performance of nymphs and adults of the southern green stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) exposed to soybean pods at different phenological stages of development. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86 (4), 1088-1093. |
| [25] | Raubenheimer, D., S. J. Simpson, and D. Mayntz (2009) Nutrition, ecology and nutritional ecology: toward an integrated framework. Functional Ecology, 23 (1), 4-16. |
| [26] | Hafsi, A., Facon, B., Ravigné., V, Chiroleu., F. Quilici., S. Chermiti, and Duyck, P. F (2016) Host plant range of a fruit fly community (Diptera: Tephritidae): does fruit composition influence larval performance?. BMC ecology, 16 (1), 40. |
| [27] | de la Masselière, M. C., B. Facon., A. Hafsi, and P. F. Duyck (2017) Diet breadth modulates preference-performance relationships in a phytophagous insect community. Scientific reports, 7 (1), 16934. |
| [28] | van Loon, J. J (2005) Nutritional ecology of insect–plant interactions: persistent handicaps and the need for innovative approaches. Oikos, 108 (1), 194-201. |
| [29] | Scriber, J. M and F. Slansky Jr (1981) The nutritional ecology of immature insects. Annual review of entomology, 26 (1), 183-211. |
| [30] | Stansky Jr, F. and A. R. Panizzi (1987) Nutritional ecology of seed-sucking insects. Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders, and related invertebrates, J. Wiley, New York, USA, 283-320. |
| [31] | Waldbauer, G. P (1968) The consumption and utilization of food by insects. Advances in insect physiology, 5, 229-28. |
| [32] | Harris, V E. and J. W. Todd (1981) Rearing the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, with relevant aspects of its biology. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. |
| [33] | Thomason, I. J. and H. E. McKinney (1960) Reaction of cowpeas, Vigna sinensis to root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Plant Disease Reporter, 44 (1), 51-53. |
| [34] | Sakata (2010) Mariana F1 hybrid determined saladette tomato. Technical bulletin. http:/www.sakatavegetables.com/. |
| [35] | Baker, S. C., J. A. Elek, and S. G. Candy (2002) Comparison of feeding efficiency, development time and survival of Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle larvae Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on two hosts. Austral Entomology, 41 (2), 174-181. |
| [36] | Céspedes, C. L., J. R. Salazar., M. Martínez, and E. Aranda (2005) Insect growth regulatory effects of some extracts and sterols from Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor. Phytochemistry, 66 (20), 2481-2493. |
| [37] | Nathan, S. S., P. G. Chung, and Murugan, K (2005) Effect of biopesticides applied separately or together on nutritional indices of the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Phytoparasitica, 33 (2), 187-195. |
| [38] | Mulatu, B., S. W. Applebaum, Z. Kerem, and M. Coll (2006) Tomato fruit size, maturity and α-tomatine content influence the performance of larvae of potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of entomological research, 96 (2), 173-178. |
| [39] | Coll, M. and B. Yuval (2004) Larval food plants affect flight and reproduction in an oligophagous insect herbivore. Environmental Entomology, 33 (5), 1471-1476. |
| [40] | Silva, D. B., V. H. Bueno, F. C. Montes, and J. C. van Lenteren (2016) Population growth of three mirid predatory bugs feeding on eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta on tomato. BioControl, 61 (5), 545-553. |
| [41] | Isman, M. B. and S. S. Duffey (1982) Toxicity of tomato phenolic compounds to the fruitworm, Heliothis zea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 31 (4), 370-376. |
| [42] | Wu, H., X. Li, and H. Liu (2016) Starvation resistance of invasive lace Bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in China. Entomol Fenn, 27. |
| [43] | Aldana, E., P. Medone, D. Pineda, F. Menu, and J. Rabinovich (2017) Development time and fitness: is there an adaptive development delay in the Rhodnius prolixus fifth nymphal stage? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 163 (1), 1-8. |
| [44] | Yeargan, K. V (1977) Effects of Green Stink Bug Damage on Yield and Quality of Soybeans 1 2. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70 (5), 619-62. |
| [45] | Sõber, V., S. L. Sandre, T. Esperk, T. Teder, and T. Tammaru (2019). Ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism revisited: Females grow for a longer time and also faster. PloS one, 14 (4), e0215317. |
| [46] | Harari, A. R., A. M. Handler, and P. J. Landolt (1999) Size-assortative mating, male choice and female choice in the curculionid beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus. Animal Behaviour, 58 (6), 1191-1200. |
| [47] | Amalraj, D. D., N. Sivagnaname, and P. K. Das (2005) Effect of food on immature development, consumption rate, and relative growth rate of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae), a predator of container breeding mosquitoes. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 100 (8), 893-902. |
| [48] | Simpson, S. J (1982). Changes in the efficiency of utilisation of food throughout the fifth‐instar nymphs of locusta migratoria. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 31 (2‐3), 265-275. |
| [49] | Hoo, C. S and G. Fraenkel (1966) The consumption, digestion, and utilization of food plants by a polyphagous insect, Prodenia eridania (Cramer). Journal of insect physiology, 12 (6), 711-730. |
| [50] | Oghiakhe, S., L. E. N. Jackai, and W. A. Makanjuola (1991) Cowpea Plant Architecture in Relation to Infestation and Damage by the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca Testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)—I. Effect of Canopy Structure and Pod Position. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 12 (1-2-3), 193-199. |
| [51] | Slanksy, F. and F. M (1985) Food consumption and the utilization G. A. Kerkut and L. I. Gilbert (Eds.), Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology. vol 4. Regulation, digestion, nutrition, excretion. Oxford, U.K. Pergamon Press. pp 639. |
| [52] | Pollard, D. G (1973) Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 62 (4), 631-714. |
APA Style
Akamu Jude Ewunkem, Henry Osofuhene Sintim, Beatrice Nuck Dingha, Sudan Gyawaly, Louis Ernest Jackai. (2020). Nutritional Ecology of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Selected Varieties of Cowpea and Tomato. American Journal of Entomology, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11
ACS Style
Akamu Jude Ewunkem; Henry Osofuhene Sintim; Beatrice Nuck Dingha; Sudan Gyawaly; Louis Ernest Jackai. Nutritional Ecology of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Selected Varieties of Cowpea and Tomato. Am. J. Entomol. 2020, 4(1), 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11
AMA Style
Akamu Jude Ewunkem, Henry Osofuhene Sintim, Beatrice Nuck Dingha, Sudan Gyawaly, Louis Ernest Jackai. Nutritional Ecology of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Selected Varieties of Cowpea and Tomato. Am J Entomol. 2020;4(1):1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11,
author = {Akamu Jude Ewunkem and Henry Osofuhene Sintim and Beatrice Nuck Dingha and Sudan Gyawaly and Louis Ernest Jackai},
title = {Nutritional Ecology of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Selected Varieties of Cowpea and Tomato},
journal = {American Journal of Entomology},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aje.20200401.11},
abstract = {Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), are two economically important crops in the southern United States. The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a highly polyphagous pest that attacks a wide range of crops including cowpea and tomato causing a reduction in yield and produce quality. Considering the damage and the associated losses in cowpea and tomato production by this and other pests, as well as the demand for reduced use of pesticides, there is a need to cultivate varieties that are resistant to N. viridula. One key indicator of resistance is host nutritional availability and adequacy. This study evaluated the effect of two selected varieties of cowpea and tomato on the growth and development of N. viridula under laboratory conditions as a first step towards the assessment of nutritional adequacy of both crops. We carried out feeding experiments to compare food utilization and suitability by various life stages of N. viridula. The food substrates tested included fresh immature cowpea pods, fresh cowpea seeds, dry cowpea seeds and newly ripened tomato fruits. Overall, mean nymphal mortality was less when reared on cowpea (63.7±2.9%) than tomato (83.0±1.8%). Nymphs required less time to complete development on cowpea (27.8±2.8d) than on tomato (45.0±3.9d). Fresh body weight at adult emergence was greater on cowpea (132.3±12.1mg) than tomato (83.9±1.5mg). Consumption index (CI) and growth rate (GR) were higher on cowpea (CI: 22.0 ±1.3; GR: 2.1±0.3) than tomato (CI: 8.7±1.4; GR: 0.9±0.1). Collectively, these results suggest that cowpea provided a more suitable nutritional substrate for nymphal development. Many small vegetable growers cultivate both crops.},
year = {2020}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Nutritional Ecology of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Selected Varieties of Cowpea and Tomato AU - Akamu Jude Ewunkem AU - Henry Osofuhene Sintim AU - Beatrice Nuck Dingha AU - Sudan Gyawaly AU - Louis Ernest Jackai Y1 - 2020/01/09 PY - 2020 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11 DO - 10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11 T2 - American Journal of Entomology JF - American Journal of Entomology JO - American Journal of Entomology SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-0537 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20200401.11 AB - Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), are two economically important crops in the southern United States. The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a highly polyphagous pest that attacks a wide range of crops including cowpea and tomato causing a reduction in yield and produce quality. Considering the damage and the associated losses in cowpea and tomato production by this and other pests, as well as the demand for reduced use of pesticides, there is a need to cultivate varieties that are resistant to N. viridula. One key indicator of resistance is host nutritional availability and adequacy. This study evaluated the effect of two selected varieties of cowpea and tomato on the growth and development of N. viridula under laboratory conditions as a first step towards the assessment of nutritional adequacy of both crops. We carried out feeding experiments to compare food utilization and suitability by various life stages of N. viridula. The food substrates tested included fresh immature cowpea pods, fresh cowpea seeds, dry cowpea seeds and newly ripened tomato fruits. Overall, mean nymphal mortality was less when reared on cowpea (63.7±2.9%) than tomato (83.0±1.8%). Nymphs required less time to complete development on cowpea (27.8±2.8d) than on tomato (45.0±3.9d). Fresh body weight at adult emergence was greater on cowpea (132.3±12.1mg) than tomato (83.9±1.5mg). Consumption index (CI) and growth rate (GR) were higher on cowpea (CI: 22.0 ±1.3; GR: 2.1±0.3) than tomato (CI: 8.7±1.4; GR: 0.9±0.1). Collectively, these results suggest that cowpea provided a more suitable nutritional substrate for nymphal development. Many small vegetable growers cultivate both crops. VL - 4 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: