Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli

Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 4, Issue 6)

Received: 1 October 2016 Accepted: 10 October 2016 Published: 18 November 2016

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Abstract

This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.

Published in	American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
Page(s)	112-119
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

City Image, Event Fit, Affect Toward Event, Social Impact, Tour de Urmia

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APA Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. (2016). Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(6), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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ACS Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 4(6), 112-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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AMA Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. Am J Sports Sci. 2016;4(6):112-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13,
  author = {Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli},
  title = {Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {112-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20160406.13},
  abstract = {This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event
AU  - Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli
Y1  - 2016/11/18
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 112
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
AB  - This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli

Department of Physical Education, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India

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APA Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. (2016). Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(6), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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ACS Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 4(6), 112-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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AMA Style

Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli. Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event. Am J Sports Sci. 2016;4(6):112-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13,
  author = {Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli},
  title = {Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {112-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20160406.13},
  abstract = {This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impact of City Image, Event Fit, and Word-of-Mouth Attempt Through the Host City of an International Sporting Event
AU  - Mohammadhadi Tavakkoli
Y1  - 2016/11/18
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 112
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160406.13
AB  - This study develops a structure of host city image, verifies the backgrounds and consequences of host city image, and predicts spectators’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) attempt through the host city via structural equation modeling. A descriptive methodology was used with the cooperation of the local city government; questionnaires were distributed to spectators of the 30th Iran International Cycling Tour (Tour de Urmia) in Iran. Convenience sampling was utilized, and 280 usable questionnaires were obtained. First, the results produced a city image scale comprised of six factors and 21 items with reliability and validity. This scale incorporates the sports image into the city image to enable a comparison between the sports image and other city images, which is original to this paper. Second, the results indicated that affect toward the event (ATE) was a background variable to city image, image fit, and WOM attempt as a consequent variable. Third, the theoretical model could predict positive WOM attempt through the host city with a 23% explanatory rate. The host city of Tabriz provides evidence about the role of ATE, city image, and image fit, which is an important new contribution, as few studies have focused on city image or image fit.
VL  - 4
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download