Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments

Mohamed Houssein Ali; Pierre-Marie Lepretre; Soubere Mahamoud Yonis; Maryne Cozette; Youssouf Ballah; Said Ahmaidi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments

Mohamed Houssein Ali, Pierre-Marie Lepretre, Soubere Mahamoud Yonis, Maryne Cozette, Youssouf Ballah, Said Ahmaidi

Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 10, Issue 3)

Received: 24 May 2022 Accepted: 29 June 2022 Published: 12 July 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the acclimated central referee’s activities during matches conducted under hot and humid conditions. The physical activity and number, the rightness or error of decisions taking was determined during Official matches of the 2018-2019 Djibouti’s Football Championship. All matches were filmed with a digital camera. The movements were quantified as previously described by Da Silva protocol walking (5.8km.h^-1), backwards and agility movements (8.9 km.h^-1), jogging (11.4 km.h^-1), fast running (18.3km.h^-1) sprint (25.2 km.h^-1). Polar V800 was used to quantify the distance covered, LongoMatch® to count the number of decision-making and also Kinovea® free software to measure the distance between central referee position and the offence emplacement (Location). The referee’s group sample characteristic were: mean age of 29 ± 6.2 years, body mass of 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, stature of 1.76 ± 0.1m, body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.4 kg.m^-² and a percentage of fat of 15.9 ± 3%. Results showed that central referees covered during a match an average distance of 10113 ± 820m. The patterns of total distances by acclimated Football referees in this study are lower with previous results observed under temperate conditions by other study. 122 ± 4.6 decisions per match have been made by referee. Compared to the first half, more decisions were taken in the second half (P = 0.037), with a significant decrease in decision making under-15m and an increase in decision making over 15m during the last 15min of the match (P = 0.008). Consequently, the distance separating the central referee position and the whistled action emplacement increased over time (P = 0.005) with qualities of decision. The number of decision-making was also comparable to the previous results observed during the Euro 2000 Football matches. In conclusion, acclimated referee’s physical performance shows lower physical performances in the heat comparable to referees physical performance observed in temperate zone.

Published in	American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
Page(s)	46-51
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

African Football Referee, Physical Performance, Decision-Making, Location

References

[1]	G. Morris J, Nevill ME, Lakomy HKA, Nicholas C, Williams C. Effect of a hot environment on performance of prolonged, intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 1998; 16 (7): 677-686. doi: 10.1080/026404198366489.
[2]	Houssein M, Lopes P, Fagnoni B, Ahmaidi S, Yonis SM, Leprêtre P-M. Hydration: The New FIFA World Cup’s Challenge for Referee Decision Making? J Athl Train. 2016; 51 (3): 264-266. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.3.04.
[3]	Drust B, Reilly T, Cable NT. Physiological responses to laboratory-based soccer-specific intermittent and continuous exercise. J Sports Sci. 2000; 18 (11): 885-892. doi: 10.1080/026404100750017814.
[4]	Weston M. Weston, M. et. al. (2011) Variability of Soccer Referees a Match Performances’, Variability of Soccer Referees’ Match Performances. 2011; 32: 190-194.
[5]	Nassis GP, Brito J, Dvorak J, Chalabi H, Racinais S. The association of environmental heat stress with performance: analysis of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49 (9): 609-613. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094449.
[6]	Mohr M, Nybo L, Grantham J, Racinais S. Physiological responses and physical performance during football in the heat. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039202.
[7]	Helsen W, Bultynck J-B. Physical and perceptual - cognitive demands of top - class refereeing in association football 2004. doi: 10.1080/02640410310001641502.
[8]	Catterall C, Reilly T, Atkinson G, Coldwells a. Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees. Br J Sports Med. 1993; 27 (3): 193-196. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.27.3.193.
[9]	Mallo J, Frutos PG, Juárez D, Navarro E. Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches. J Sports Sci. 2012; 30 (13): 1437-1445. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.711485.
[10]	Bandelow S1, Maughan R, Shirreffs S, Ozgünen K, Kurdak S, Ersöz G, Binnet M DJ. The effects of exercise, heat, cooling and rehydration strategies on cognitive function in football playersNo Title. 2010.
[11]	A S Jackson, M L Pollock: Practical Assessment of Body Composition 1985 May; 13 (5): 76-90. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1985.11708790.
[12]	Da Silva AI, Fernandes LC, Fernandez R. Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2011.
[13]	Castagna Carlo, Abt Grant, D'Ottavio Stefano. Activity Profile of International-Level Soccer Referees During Competitive matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: 2004.
[14]	Reilly T. Energetics of high-intensity exercise (soccer) with particular reference to fatigue. J Sports Sci. 1997; 15 (3): 257-263. doi: 10.1080/026404197367263.
[15]	Schmit C, Hausswirth C, Le Y, Duffield R. Cognitive Functioning and Heat Strain : Performance Responses and Protective Strategies. Sport Med. 2016. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0657-z.
[16]	Pizzera A, Laborde S. Comment devient-on expert en arbitrage ? 2011.
[17]	Krustrup P, Helsen W, Randers MB, et al. Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. JSportsSci. 2009.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali, Pierre-Marie Lepretre, Soubere Mahamoud Yonis, Maryne Cozette, Youssouf Ballah, et al. (2022). Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. American Journal of Sports Science, 10(3), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali; Pierre-Marie Lepretre; Soubere Mahamoud Yonis; Maryne Cozette; Youssouf Ballah, et al. Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2022, 10(3), 46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali, Pierre-Marie Lepretre, Soubere Mahamoud Yonis, Maryne Cozette, Youssouf Ballah, et al. Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. Am J Sports Sci. 2022;10(3):46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12,
  author = {Mohamed Houssein Ali and Pierre-Marie Lepretre and Soubere Mahamoud Yonis and Maryne Cozette and Youssouf Ballah and Said Ahmaidi},
  title = {Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {46-51},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20221003.12},
  abstract = {The aim of the present study was to assess the acclimated central referee’s activities during matches conducted under hot and humid conditions. The physical activity and number, the rightness or error of decisions taking was determined during Official matches of the 2018-2019 Djibouti’s Football Championship. All matches were filmed with a digital camera. The movements were quantified as previously described by Da Silva protocol walking (5.8km.h-1), backwards and agility movements (8.9 km.h-1), jogging (11.4 km.h-1), fast running (18.3km.h-1) sprint (25.2 km.h-1). Polar V800 was used to quantify the distance covered, LongoMatch® to count the number of decision-making and also Kinovea® free software to measure the distance between central referee position and the offence emplacement (Location). The referee’s group sample characteristic were: mean age of 29 ± 6.2 years, body mass of 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, stature of 1.76 ± 0.1m, body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.4 kg.m-² and a percentage of fat of 15.9 ± 3%. Results showed that central referees covered during a match an average distance of 10113 ± 820m. The patterns of total distances by acclimated Football referees in this study are lower with previous results observed under temperate conditions by other study. 122 ± 4.6 decisions per match have been made by referee. Compared to the first half, more decisions were taken in the second half (P = 0.037), with a significant decrease in decision making under-15m and an increase in decision making over 15m during the last 15min of the match (P = 0.008). Consequently, the distance separating the central referee position and the whistled action emplacement increased over time (P = 0.005) with qualities of decision. The number of decision-making was also comparable to the previous results observed during the Euro 2000 Football matches. In conclusion, acclimated referee’s physical performance shows lower physical performances in the heat comparable to referees physical performance observed in temperate zone.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments
AU  - Mohamed Houssein Ali
AU  - Pierre-Marie Lepretre
AU  - Soubere Mahamoud Yonis
AU  - Maryne Cozette
AU  - Youssouf Ballah
AU  - Said Ahmaidi
Y1  - 2022/07/12
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 46
EP  - 51
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the acclimated central referee’s activities during matches conducted under hot and humid conditions. The physical activity and number, the rightness or error of decisions taking was determined during Official matches of the 2018-2019 Djibouti’s Football Championship. All matches were filmed with a digital camera. The movements were quantified as previously described by Da Silva protocol walking (5.8km.h-1), backwards and agility movements (8.9 km.h-1), jogging (11.4 km.h-1), fast running (18.3km.h-1) sprint (25.2 km.h-1). Polar V800 was used to quantify the distance covered, LongoMatch® to count the number of decision-making and also Kinovea® free software to measure the distance between central referee position and the offence emplacement (Location). The referee’s group sample characteristic were: mean age of 29 ± 6.2 years, body mass of 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, stature of 1.76 ± 0.1m, body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.4 kg.m-² and a percentage of fat of 15.9 ± 3%. Results showed that central referees covered during a match an average distance of 10113 ± 820m. The patterns of total distances by acclimated Football referees in this study are lower with previous results observed under temperate conditions by other study. 122 ± 4.6 decisions per match have been made by referee. Compared to the first half, more decisions were taken in the second half (P = 0.037), with a significant decrease in decision making under-15m and an increase in decision making over 15m during the last 15min of the match (P = 0.008). Consequently, the distance separating the central referee position and the whistled action emplacement increased over time (P = 0.005) with qualities of decision. The number of decision-making was also comparable to the previous results observed during the Euro 2000 Football matches. In conclusion, acclimated referee’s physical performance shows lower physical performances in the heat comparable to referees physical performance observed in temperate zone.
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mohamed Houssein Ali

Faculty of Sport, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Pierre-Marie Lepretre

Faculty of Sport, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Soubere Mahamoud Yonis

Faculty of Sciences, University of Djibouti, Balbala, Republic of Djibouti
Maryne Cozette

Faculty of Sport, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
Youssouf Ballah

Faculty of Sciences, University of Djibouti, Balbala, Republic of Djibouti
Said Ahmaidi

Faculty of Sport, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali, Pierre-Marie Lepretre, Soubere Mahamoud Yonis, Maryne Cozette, Youssouf Ballah, et al. (2022). Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. American Journal of Sports Science, 10(3), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali; Pierre-Marie Lepretre; Soubere Mahamoud Yonis; Maryne Cozette; Youssouf Ballah, et al. Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2022, 10(3), 46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mohamed Houssein Ali, Pierre-Marie Lepretre, Soubere Mahamoud Yonis, Maryne Cozette, Youssouf Ballah, et al. Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments. Am J Sports Sci. 2022;10(3):46-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12,
  author = {Mohamed Houssein Ali and Pierre-Marie Lepretre and Soubere Mahamoud Yonis and Maryne Cozette and Youssouf Ballah and Said Ahmaidi},
  title = {Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {46-51},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20221003.12},
  abstract = {The aim of the present study was to assess the acclimated central referee’s activities during matches conducted under hot and humid conditions. The physical activity and number, the rightness or error of decisions taking was determined during Official matches of the 2018-2019 Djibouti’s Football Championship. All matches were filmed with a digital camera. The movements were quantified as previously described by Da Silva protocol walking (5.8km.h-1), backwards and agility movements (8.9 km.h-1), jogging (11.4 km.h-1), fast running (18.3km.h-1) sprint (25.2 km.h-1). Polar V800 was used to quantify the distance covered, LongoMatch® to count the number of decision-making and also Kinovea® free software to measure the distance between central referee position and the offence emplacement (Location). The referee’s group sample characteristic were: mean age of 29 ± 6.2 years, body mass of 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, stature of 1.76 ± 0.1m, body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.4 kg.m-² and a percentage of fat of 15.9 ± 3%. Results showed that central referees covered during a match an average distance of 10113 ± 820m. The patterns of total distances by acclimated Football referees in this study are lower with previous results observed under temperate conditions by other study. 122 ± 4.6 decisions per match have been made by referee. Compared to the first half, more decisions were taken in the second half (P = 0.037), with a significant decrease in decision making under-15m and an increase in decision making over 15m during the last 15min of the match (P = 0.008). Consequently, the distance separating the central referee position and the whistled action emplacement increased over time (P = 0.005) with qualities of decision. The number of decision-making was also comparable to the previous results observed during the Euro 2000 Football matches. In conclusion, acclimated referee’s physical performance shows lower physical performances in the heat comparable to referees physical performance observed in temperate zone.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of the Physical Performance and Decision-Making of Football Referees in Hot and Humid Environments
AU  - Mohamed Houssein Ali
AU  - Pierre-Marie Lepretre
AU  - Soubere Mahamoud Yonis
AU  - Maryne Cozette
AU  - Youssouf Ballah
AU  - Said Ahmaidi
Y1  - 2022/07/12
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 46
EP  - 51
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20221003.12
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the acclimated central referee’s activities during matches conducted under hot and humid conditions. The physical activity and number, the rightness or error of decisions taking was determined during Official matches of the 2018-2019 Djibouti’s Football Championship. All matches were filmed with a digital camera. The movements were quantified as previously described by Da Silva protocol walking (5.8km.h-1), backwards and agility movements (8.9 km.h-1), jogging (11.4 km.h-1), fast running (18.3km.h-1) sprint (25.2 km.h-1). Polar V800 was used to quantify the distance covered, LongoMatch® to count the number of decision-making and also Kinovea® free software to measure the distance between central referee position and the offence emplacement (Location). The referee’s group sample characteristic were: mean age of 29 ± 6.2 years, body mass of 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, stature of 1.76 ± 0.1m, body mass index of 21.6 ± 2.4 kg.m-² and a percentage of fat of 15.9 ± 3%. Results showed that central referees covered during a match an average distance of 10113 ± 820m. The patterns of total distances by acclimated Football referees in this study are lower with previous results observed under temperate conditions by other study. 122 ± 4.6 decisions per match have been made by referee. Compared to the first half, more decisions were taken in the second half (P = 0.037), with a significant decrease in decision making under-15m and an increase in decision making over 15m during the last 15min of the match (P = 0.008). Consequently, the distance separating the central referee position and the whistled action emplacement increased over time (P = 0.005) with qualities of decision. The number of decision-making was also comparable to the previous results observed during the Euro 2000 Football matches. In conclusion, acclimated referee’s physical performance shows lower physical performances in the heat comparable to referees physical performance observed in temperate zone.
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download