Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed

Gutema Adem; Idris Ebrahim

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed

Gutema Adem, Idris Ebrahim

Published in English Language, Literature & Culture (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 3 August 2020 Accepted: 24 August 2020 Published: 23 November 2020

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Abstract

This article examined the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia and the legal and institutional response of the government against human trafficking and smuggling. Though the world are in the era of irregular migration, migration is not simply situation of safe paradise without any risk to states, global communities and to human security and dignity of migrants. Accordingly the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia are diverse, structural and inter locked. Poverty, unemployment, political crisis, social network connection, poorly enforcement of the existing law and legal gap, violation of democratic rights, corruption, unlawful arrest and detention, biased and partisan administrative, discriminatory service provision and unfair judicial system are taken as the principal driving factors for irregular migration in Ethiopia. As result of the aforementioned factors, Ethiopia the cradle of human being, today named as cradle for human trafficking and smuggling pursuing profit seeking and cheap labour for inexpensive and convenient servitude. Thus, correcting this disparity of structural and social injustice in Ethiopia is central to tackling poverty and inequality. To reduce the threat of shocks as result of poverty, individuals and governments must seek to enhance people’s security: not the militarized version of security that has dominated public debate in recent two years under the regime of Ethiopian primister colonel Abiy Ahmed, but a more comprehensive human version, taking the insecurity and anxiety ridden experience of living in poverty as its starting point. Thus, the researcher recommended that guaranteeing security in this way means strengthens poor, humiliated and dissatisfied Ethiopian ability to survive shocks and increases their chances of escaping g from poverty in general, and irregular migration in particular.

Published in	English Language, Literature & Culture (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11
Page(s)	124-131
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Irregular Migration, Causes, Legal and Institutional Responses, Political Crisis and Neo-Naftegna

References

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[4]	Elias, Ashene. (2013). Trafficking of Ethiopian women and girls to the Middle East. Master Thesis, Central European University.
[5]	Endalamaw Chekol. (2016). International irregular Migration: Causes and its Impact on Human Security in Bale Oromiya. Madda Walabu University, Ethiopia.
[6]	FDREC. (1995). Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Constitution. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[7]	Gebru Tareke, (1991). Power and Protest: Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century Cambridge University Press, Gutema, Adem. (2013). Causes and Consequences of Female Migration to the Arab States: in Tena Woreda, Oromiya Region. MA Thesis, BahirDar University, Ethiopia.
[8]	ICMPD. (2008). East Africa Migration Route, Initiative, Gap and Needs Analysis Project country Reports: Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya Vienna: Author.
[9]	ILO. (2010). International labour Migration, Aright Based Approach. Geneva: Author.
[10]	IOM. (2015). Trafficking lives lost during Migration. international Organization for Migration. Geneva, Switzerland.
[11]	Koser, k. (2007). Irregular Migration: Avery short introduction. New York: oxford.
[12]	Mehari, T. (2015). Migration Governance in Ethiopia: the need for Comprehensive National policy on Migration. the reporter-English edition.
[13]	Metcalfe-Hough. (2015). the migration crisis? Facts, Challenges and Possible solutions. Overseas Development Institute.
[14]	Naami, k. (2014). Female Ethiopian Migrant Domestic Workers: Analysis of Migration, Return Migration and Re integration Experiences. MA thesis unpublished.
[15]	Pradham, (2002). Assessment of Policy Reduction Policies and Programs in India, a paper presented in a conference on: Assessment of Poverty Reduction Policies, organized by INSEA and IDRC, under Micro Impacts of Macro-economic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Project, January 28-31, 2002, Rabat, Moroco.
[16]	Proclamation No. 909 (2015). “Prevention and suppression of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants”. Federal Negrait Gazeta. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
[17]	Professor Merara. (nd). Ethiopia: A Transition without Democratization. Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
[18]	RMMS. (2014). The Letter of the law: Regular and Irregular Migration in Saudi Arabia in a Context of Rapid Change. Mixed Migration Research Series. RMMS, 4, 1-85.
[19]	Trufat, Bekele (1999). Poverty and Policy in Ethiopia: Economic Reform and Gender (A Discussion Paper.
[20]	UNDP. (2015). Briefing Notes for Countries on the 2015Human Development Reports. Ethiopia.
[21]	United Nations (2006). 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration. United nation, New York.

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APA Style

Gutema Adem, Idris Ebrahim. (2020). Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. English Language, Literature & Culture, 5(4), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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Gutema Adem; Idris Ebrahim. Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. Engl. Lang. Lit. Cult. 2020, 5(4), 124-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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AMA Style

Gutema Adem, Idris Ebrahim. Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. Engl Lang Lit Cult. 2020;5(4):124-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11,
  author = {Gutema Adem and Idris Ebrahim},
  title = {Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed},
  journal = {English Language, Literature & Culture},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {124-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ellc.20200504.11},
  abstract = {This article examined the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia and the legal and institutional response of the government against human trafficking and smuggling. Though the world are in the era of irregular migration, migration is not simply situation of safe paradise without any risk to states, global communities and to human security and dignity of migrants. Accordingly the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia are diverse, structural and inter locked. Poverty, unemployment, political crisis, social network connection, poorly enforcement of the existing law and legal gap, violation of democratic rights, corruption, unlawful arrest and detention, biased and partisan administrative, discriminatory service provision and unfair judicial system are taken as the principal driving factors for irregular migration in Ethiopia. As result of the aforementioned factors, Ethiopia the cradle of human being, today named as cradle for human trafficking and smuggling pursuing profit seeking and cheap labour for inexpensive and convenient servitude. Thus, correcting this disparity of structural and social injustice in Ethiopia is central to tackling poverty and inequality. To reduce the threat of shocks as result of poverty, individuals and governments must seek to enhance people’s security: not the militarized version of security that has dominated public debate in recent two years under the regime of Ethiopian primister colonel Abiy Ahmed, but a more comprehensive human version, taking the insecurity and anxiety ridden experience of living in poverty as its starting point. Thus, the researcher recommended that guaranteeing security in this way means strengthens poor, humiliated and dissatisfied Ethiopian ability to survive shocks and increases their chances of escaping g from poverty in general, and irregular migration in particular.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11
AB  - This article examined the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia and the legal and institutional response of the government against human trafficking and smuggling. Though the world are in the era of irregular migration, migration is not simply situation of safe paradise without any risk to states, global communities and to human security and dignity of migrants. Accordingly the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia are diverse, structural and inter locked. Poverty, unemployment, political crisis, social network connection, poorly enforcement of the existing law and legal gap, violation of democratic rights, corruption, unlawful arrest and detention, biased and partisan administrative, discriminatory service provision and unfair judicial system are taken as the principal driving factors for irregular migration in Ethiopia. As result of the aforementioned factors, Ethiopia the cradle of human being, today named as cradle for human trafficking and smuggling pursuing profit seeking and cheap labour for inexpensive and convenient servitude. Thus, correcting this disparity of structural and social injustice in Ethiopia is central to tackling poverty and inequality. To reduce the threat of shocks as result of poverty, individuals and governments must seek to enhance people’s security: not the militarized version of security that has dominated public debate in recent two years under the regime of Ethiopian primister colonel Abiy Ahmed, but a more comprehensive human version, taking the insecurity and anxiety ridden experience of living in poverty as its starting point. Thus, the researcher recommended that guaranteeing security in this way means strengthens poor, humiliated and dissatisfied Ethiopian ability to survive shocks and increases their chances of escaping g from poverty in general, and irregular migration in particular.
VL  - 5
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Author Information

Gutema Adem

Department of Civics and ethical studies, College of Social Science and Humanities, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
Idris Ebrahim

Department of Sociology, College of Social Science and Humanities, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Gutema Adem, Idris Ebrahim. (2020). Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. English Language, Literature & Culture, 5(4), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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ACS Style

Gutema Adem; Idris Ebrahim. Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. Engl. Lang. Lit. Cult. 2020, 5(4), 124-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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AMA Style

Gutema Adem, Idris Ebrahim. Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed. Engl Lang Lit Cult. 2020;5(4):124-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11,
  author = {Gutema Adem and Idris Ebrahim},
  title = {Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed},
  journal = {English Language, Literature & Culture},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {124-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ellc.20200504.11},
  abstract = {This article examined the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia and the legal and institutional response of the government against human trafficking and smuggling. Though the world are in the era of irregular migration, migration is not simply situation of safe paradise without any risk to states, global communities and to human security and dignity of migrants. Accordingly the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia are diverse, structural and inter locked. Poverty, unemployment, political crisis, social network connection, poorly enforcement of the existing law and legal gap, violation of democratic rights, corruption, unlawful arrest and detention, biased and partisan administrative, discriminatory service provision and unfair judicial system are taken as the principal driving factors for irregular migration in Ethiopia. As result of the aforementioned factors, Ethiopia the cradle of human being, today named as cradle for human trafficking and smuggling pursuing profit seeking and cheap labour for inexpensive and convenient servitude. Thus, correcting this disparity of structural and social injustice in Ethiopia is central to tackling poverty and inequality. To reduce the threat of shocks as result of poverty, individuals and governments must seek to enhance people’s security: not the militarized version of security that has dominated public debate in recent two years under the regime of Ethiopian primister colonel Abiy Ahmed, but a more comprehensive human version, taking the insecurity and anxiety ridden experience of living in poverty as its starting point. Thus, the researcher recommended that guaranteeing security in this way means strengthens poor, humiliated and dissatisfied Ethiopian ability to survive shocks and increases their chances of escaping g from poverty in general, and irregular migration in particular.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Causes of Irregular Migration, Institutional and Legal Responses, Political Crisis in Ethiopia and the Measures Taken by the Laureates Noble Peace Winner Abiy Ahmed
AU  - Gutema Adem
AU  - Idris Ebrahim
Y1  - 2020/11/23
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11
T2  - English Language, Literature & Culture
JF  - English Language, Literature & Culture
JO  - English Language, Literature & Culture
SP  - 124
EP  - 131
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-2413
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ellc.20200504.11
AB  - This article examined the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia and the legal and institutional response of the government against human trafficking and smuggling. Though the world are in the era of irregular migration, migration is not simply situation of safe paradise without any risk to states, global communities and to human security and dignity of migrants. Accordingly the fundamental causes of irregular migration in Ethiopia are diverse, structural and inter locked. Poverty, unemployment, political crisis, social network connection, poorly enforcement of the existing law and legal gap, violation of democratic rights, corruption, unlawful arrest and detention, biased and partisan administrative, discriminatory service provision and unfair judicial system are taken as the principal driving factors for irregular migration in Ethiopia. As result of the aforementioned factors, Ethiopia the cradle of human being, today named as cradle for human trafficking and smuggling pursuing profit seeking and cheap labour for inexpensive and convenient servitude. Thus, correcting this disparity of structural and social injustice in Ethiopia is central to tackling poverty and inequality. To reduce the threat of shocks as result of poverty, individuals and governments must seek to enhance people’s security: not the militarized version of security that has dominated public debate in recent two years under the regime of Ethiopian primister colonel Abiy Ahmed, but a more comprehensive human version, taking the insecurity and anxiety ridden experience of living in poverty as its starting point. Thus, the researcher recommended that guaranteeing security in this way means strengthens poor, humiliated and dissatisfied Ethiopian ability to survive shocks and increases their chances of escaping g from poverty in general, and irregular migration in particular.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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