Abstract
This study investigated the impact of varying fertilizer application rates on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics in three distinct locations within Lao PDR (Laos People’s Democratic Republic-Lao PDR): the Rice and Cash Crop Research Center (RCCRC), the Faculty of Agriculture Nabong Campus (National University of Laos, NUoL), and the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu Campus (Savannakhet University, SKU). The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season (August to December) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five fertilizer treatments were applied to a total of 15 experimental units, encompassing varying combinations and rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agronomic traits, including plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, individual plant weight, 100-seed weight, and grain yield, were measured at maturity. Data analysis was performed using Statistix 10.0 software with a significance level of 95% (P < 0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among the fertilizer treatments for the number of branches, pods per plant, individual plant weight, and ultimately, grain yield. However, plant height and 100-seed weight were not significantly affected by the different fertilizer applications (P > 0.05). The highest grain yields were achieved with the application of organic fertilizer at a rate of 2,000 kg/ha (2.48 t/ha) and a combination of organic fertilizer at 1,000 kg/ha with inorganic fertilizer at 100 kg/ha (2.57 t/ha). Conversely, the control treatment, which received no fertilizer, resulted in the lowest grain yield. These results highlight the importance of fertilizer management strategies in optimizing soybean production in Lao PDR. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of these fertilizer regimes on soil health and environmental sustainability.
Keywords
Soybean, Chemical, Organic, Fertilizer
1. Introduction
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a globally significant legume crop, providing essential protein, oil, and fiber for human and animal consumption. In Laos, soybeans are a crucial component of the agricultural sector and contribute to both domestic food security and export markets. However, soybean production in Laos faces challenges, including declining cultivation areas and the need to increase yields to meet growing demand.
Fertilizer management plays a critical role in enhancing soybean productivity. Organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, can improve soil health and nutrient availability, while inorganic fertilizers provide a concentrated source of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers has been shown to have synergistic effects on soybean yield and quality.
Hasan had reported the impact of different fertilizer regimes on soybean production. For instance, found that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased soybean yield in saline agro-ecosystems in Bangladesh
| [1] | Hasan, M. J., Ahmed, S., Rahman, M. A., & Samanta, S. C. (2019). Fertilizer management for maximizing soybean (Glycine max L.) production in saline agro-ecosystem of Barguna. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 89-93 |
[1]
. Similarly,
Abbas reported that integrated nutrient management strategies, incorporating both organic and inorganic fertilizers, enhanced soybean productivity in Egypt
| [2] | Abbas, M. H., Ismail, A. O., El-Gamal, M. A., & Salem, H. M. (2011). Integrated effect of mineral nitrogen, bio and organic fertilization on soybean productivity. Egypt. J. Biotechnol, 39, 2011. |
[2].
In addition to fertilizer management, other factors influencing soybean yield include soil conditions, planting practices, and pest and disease control. Site-specific fertilizer recommendations, considering soil type, climate, and other environmental factors, are crucial for optimizing soybean production.
This study aims to investigate the influence of varying fertilizer application rates on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics in three diverse locations within Lao PDR. The findings will contribute to the development of sustainable and effective fertilizer management strategies for soybean production in Laos and other similar agricultural contexts.
2. Materials and Methods
Experimental Design and Treatments
The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season (August - December) at three locations in Laos: Rice and Cash Crop Research Center (RCCRC), National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Faculty of Agriculture Nabong Campus (NUoL), National University of Laos, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu Campus (SKU), Savanhnakhet University, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR.
A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was employed at each location. Five fertilizer treatments (T) were implemented:
T1: Control (no fertilizer)
T2: Chemical fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) at 300 kg/ha
T3: Chemical fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) at 200 kg/ha
T4: Combined fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15) at 100 kg/ha + Organic fertilizer at 1,000 kg/ha
T5: Organic fertilizer at 2,000 kg/ha
Each experimental unit was a 4 m x 4 m plot. Sowing distance within plots was 20 cm between plants and 40 cm between rows. Three to five seeds were drilled per hole at a depth of 5-8 cm. After 5-7 days, seedlings were thinned to three plants per hole. This planting design and management were consistent across all three locations.
Plant Material
Napok 1 soybean variety, derived from a cross between DT 12 and SJ 5 in 2008 at RCCRC, was used in the experiment. This newly developed variety exhibits adaptability to diverse environments and is suitable for various soil types. The selection of Napok 1 aimed to evaluate its potential for high yield under different fertilizer regimes.
Data Collection
The following agronomic data were collected at maturity from five representative plants per plot:
Plant height (cm)
Number of branches per plant
Number of pods per plant
Individual plant weight (g)
100-seed weight (g)
Grain yield was obtained from the entire plot and converted to t/ha.
Data Analysis
Data were initially summarized using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistix 10.0 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess the main effects of fertilizer treatments on all measured variables. The least significant difference (LSD) test (Fisher's LSD) was used for mean comparisons between treatments and blocks at a 95% confidence level (P < 0.05).
3. Results
At the Rice and cash Crops Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute can be summarized as follows: the results of the experiment show that the composition in term of number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight per plant and yield there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01), for composition of plants height and 100 seeds weight were no statistical difference (not significant) P>0.05. Organic fertilizer (2,000 kg/ha) gave a maximum yield of 3.15 t/ha while the control yielded only 2.46 ton per hectare (
Table 1).
Faculty of Agriculture Nabong campus, National University of Laos can be summarized as follows: the results of the experiment show that the composition in term of number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight per plant and yield there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01). for composition of plants height and 100 seeds weight were no statistical difference (not significant) P>0.05. In all of the experiments, the yield was the lowest compared to the experiments at the Rice and cash Crops Research Center and Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu campus, Savanhnakhet University, Because the soil condition is quite sandy and there are outbreaks of diseases and insects. The experimental chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer (100 kg/ha + 1,000 kg/ha) obtained the highest yield at (1.97 t/ha) while the control (no fertilizer) yielded the lowest at 1.36 t/ha (
Table 2).
Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu cam pas, Savanhnakhet University, the results of the experiment show that the composition in term of plants height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight per plant and yield there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01). Organic fertilizer (2,000 kg/ha) and chemical fertilizer + Organic fertilizer (100 kg/ha + 1,000 kg/ha) were the highest yielders with yields 3.74 t/ha and 3.84 t/ha respectively, while the control (no fertilizer) yielded the lowest yield of 2.15 t/ha (
Table 3).
Results of all 3 zone: From summarizing and analyzing the results, the results can be explained as follows: Composition of number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, weight per plant and yield there are a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01). but, plant height and 100 seeds weight there are no statistical difference (not significant). Among the 5 treatments: Organic fertilizer (2,000 kg/ha) and chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer (100 kg/ha + 1,000 kg/ha) gave the highest yield of 2.48 and 2.57 t/ha, respectively, while the control yielded the lowest (
Table 4).
Table 1. Yield and composition of yield at Rice and cash Crops Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute.
Treatment | Plant height (cm) | Number of branches per plant | Number of pods per plant | Weight per plant (g) | 100 Seeds weight (g) | Yield (t/ha) |
T1 | 72.26 ab | 4.10 b | 117.67 b | 27.02 b | 13.10 a | 2.46 c |
T2 | 74.23 ab | 4.46 b | 118.07 b | 26.59 b | 13.13 a | 2.69 bc |
T3 | 79.73 a | 4.40 b | 117.53 b | 26.62 b | 13.70 a | 3.05 ab |
T4 | 73.93 ab | 5.26 a | 144.67 a | 34.72 a | 13.96 a | 3.09 ab |
T5 | 68.13 b | 4.13 b | 110.13 b | 26.12 b | 13.76 a | 3.15 a |
P-Value | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** |
CV | 7.24 | 7.67 | 6.48 | 5.27 | 7.48 | 8.12 |
Ns = no statistical difference (not significant).
** = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01).
* = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 95% (P<0.05).
abc = in the same row with the same letters there is no statistical difference.
Table 2. Yield and composition of yield at Faculty of Agriculture Nabong campus, National University of Laos.
Treatment | Plant height (cm) | Number of branches per plant | Number of pods per plant | Weight per plant (g) | 100 Seeds weight (g) | Yield (t/ha) |
T1 | 26.66 a | 1.86 d | 19.66 d | 3.29 d | 12.93 a | 1.36 e |
T2 | 30.86 a | 3.36 a | 37.06 a | 7.44 a | 13.26 a | 1.69 b |
T3 | 31.00 a | 3.40 a | 36.80 a | 6.41 b | 12.73 a | 1.64 c |
T4 | 30.40 a | 2.76 b | 33.53 b | 6.28 b | 12.76 a | 1.97 a |
T5 | 29.26 a | 2.46 c | 27.80 c | 4.93 c | 13.20 a | 1.54 d |
P-Value | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** |
CV | 8.67 | 3.66 | 5.15 | 3.99 | 5.68 | 3.59 |
Ns = no statistical difference (not significant).
** = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01).
* = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 95% (P<0.05).
abc = in the same row with the same letters there is no statistical difference.
Table 3. Yield and composition of yield at Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu cam pus, Savanhnakhet University.
Treatment | Plant height (cm) | Number of branches per plant | Number of pods per plant | Weight per plant (g) | Yield (t/ha) |
T1 | 62.88 c | 7.66 c | 49.96 b | 16.52 c | 2.15 d |
T2 | 68.64 b | 9.88 b | 52.49 b | 21.84 b | 2.45 c |
T3 | 70.99 b | 10.32 ab | 56.20 b | 23.26 ab | 2.96 b |
T4 | 73.69 ab | 11.12 ab | 94.11 a | 23.74 a | 3.65 a |
T5 | 76.73 a | 11.30 a | 96.17 a | 24.37 a | 3.74 a |
P-Value | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
CV | 3.88 | 7.01 | 9.08 | 3.83 | 3.82 |
Ns = no statistical difference (not significant).
** = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01).
* = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 95% (P<0.05).
abc = in the same row with the same letters there is no statistical difference.
Table 4. Results of all 3 zone.
Treatment | Plant height (cm) | Number of branches per plant | Number of pods per plant | Weight per plant (g) | 100 Seeds weight (g) | Yield (t/ha) |
T1 | 53.94 a | 4.58 b | 62.43 c | 15.61 c | 12.96 a | 1.66 c |
T2 | 57.91 a | 5.91 a | 69.21 bc | 18.62 b | 13.34 a | 1.95 b |
T3 | 60.57 a | 6.04 a | 70.17 bc | 18.76 b | 12.19 a | 2.22 ab |
T4 | 59.34 a | 6.38 a | 90.77 a | 21.59 a | 13.47 a | 2.57 a |
T5 | 58.04 a | 5.97 a | 78.03 b | 18.47 b | 12.38 a | 2.48 a |
P-Value | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** |
CV | 6.64 | 8.16 | 7.09 | 3.86 | 8.65 | 9.89 |
Ns = no statistical difference (not significant).
** = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 99% (P<0.01).
* = there is a statistical difference at the confidence level greater than 95% (P<0.05).
abc = in the same row with the same letters there is no statistical difference.
Figure 1. Graph showing the yield of different fertilizer in 3 zone.
4. Discussion
This study examined the impact of various fertilizer regimes on soybean yield and growth characteristics in Lao PDR. Results demonstrated that the application of organic fertilizer at a rate of 2,000 kg/ha and a combined application of organic (1,000 kg/ha) and inorganic (100 kg/ha) fertilizers yielded the highest grain production, with 2.48 t/ha and 2.57 t/ha, respectively. In contrast, the control group, which received no fertilizer, exhibited the lowest yield. This outcome is consistent with existing literature that highlights the beneficial effects of organic fertilizers, both independently and in combination with inorganic fertilizers, on soybean growth and yield across diverse cultivation areas
| [3] | Achmad Yozar Perkasa, Utomo, Teguh Widiatmoko. “Effect of Various Levels of NPK Fertilizer on the Yield Attributes of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties” Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 3 No. 1, February 2016. |
| [5] | Kuntyastuti, H. Lestari, S. A. D. Purwaningrahayu, R. D. Sutrison-Mejaya, M. J. -Dariah, A. Trisilawati, O. Sudaryono, T. “Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grain Yield in Dryland of Indonesia” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research January 2022. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2004_35313549 |
| [6] | Mishad Chowdhury, Saleh Farhad1, Shamal Kumar Bhowal, Sujan. Kumar. Bhowmik and A. K. Choudhury. Fertilizer Management for Maximizing Soybean (Glycine max L.) Production in Char Lands of Bangladesh. The Agriculturists 12(2): 98-102(2014) A Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation. https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21737 |
| [7] | Mohammed H. H. Abbas, Ahmed O. A. Ismail, Manal A. H. El-Gamal and Haytham M. Salem. “Integrated Effect of Mineral Nitrogen, Bio and Organic Fertilization on Soybean Productivity. Egypt. J. Biotechnol. Vol. 39, October, 2011. |
| [8] | P. K. Jaga and Satish Sharma “Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Fertilizer on Productivity of Soybean” College of Agriculture (JNKVV) Ganj Basoda, Vidisha (MP) - 464 221 Received: December, 2014: Revised accepted: April, 2015. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 17(2): 171-174(2015). |
| [9] | Paul Benyamin Timotiwu, Yayuk Nurmiaty, Eko Pramono, Siti Maysaroh “Growth and Yield Responses of Four Soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill.) Cultivars to Different Methods of NPK Fertilizer Application”, Jurnal Agrosains (Journal of Agro Science) Vol 8 No 1 / February 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/pt.2020.112.39-43 |
| [11] | Putri Gita Lestaria, Ayu Oshin Yap Sinagaa, David Septian Sumanto Marpaungb, Winati Nurhayua, Indah Oktaviania “Application of Organic Fertilizer for Improving Soybean Production under Acidic Stress” PII: S2096-2428(24)00012-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2024.02.001 |
| [12] | Ruth Adebayo Abidemi1, Babatunde Akanbi Wasiu2, Oyekunle Olaniyi Joel2, Rapheal Kutu Funso1. “Growth and yield attributes of soybean (Glycine max L) in response to cassava peel compost and inorganic fertilizer” Online published on 12 January, 2018. Research on Crops. Year: 2017, Volume: 18, Issue: 4. First page: (618) Last page: (626) https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00104.8 |
| [14] | Samia Osman Yagoub, A. Salam Kamel A. Salam, Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan, Moaid Albagir Hassan, “Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merril)”. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR), Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 45-52, 2015. |
| [15] | T Liana, D. Irwandy and A Bhermana. “The Effect of Basic Fertilizer Doses On Soybean Growth And Production”. The 2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Rural Development IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 715(2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/715/1/012038 |
[3, 5-9, 11, 12, 14, 15]
.
The study's findings underscore the complexity of fertilizer management in soybean production. Beyond fertilizer type and application rate, the specific nutritional needs of the crop must be considered. Providing essential macronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and micronutrients like zinc, iron, and manganese, is crucial for optimizing yield
| [4] | Endrik Nurrohman, Siti Zubaidah, Heru Kuswantoro “Effect of Nitrogen Dosage (N) on Morphology of Soybean Strains (Glycine max (L.) Merr) Hold Bemisia tabaci” Bioedukasi, 2018 jurnal.unej.ac.id |
| [10] | Pauline M. Mabapa, John B. O. Ogola, Jude J. O. Odhiambo, Anthony Whitbread and John Hargreaves “Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on growth and yield of three soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in Limpopo Province” African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(19), pp. 2653-2660, 2010. |
| [13] | S. Caliskan, I. Ozkaya, M. E. Caliskan, M. Arslan “The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil” Field Crops Research 108(2008) 126–132. |
| [16] | Wondimu Bekele, Ketema Belete, Tamado Tana. “Effect of Soybean Varieties and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Yield, Yield Components and Productivity of Associated Crops Under Maize/Soybean Intercropping at Mechara, Eastern Ethiopia” Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2016; 5(1): https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20160501.11 |
[4, 10, 13, 16]
. This can be achieved through soil testing and analysis to determine nutrient deficiencies and tailor fertilizer applications accordingly.
While strategic fertilizer application can significantly enhance soybean yield, an over-reliance on inorganic fertilizers may prove counterproductive. Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers can disrupt soil microbial communities, reduce organic matter content, and contribute to environmental pollution through nutrient runoff. Therefore, a balanced fertilization strategy incorporating both organic and inorganic sources is advocated to promote both robust yields and long-term soil health
| [12] | Ruth Adebayo Abidemi1, Babatunde Akanbi Wasiu2, Oyekunle Olaniyi Joel2, Rapheal Kutu Funso1. “Growth and yield attributes of soybean (Glycine max L) in response to cassava peel compost and inorganic fertilizer” Online published on 12 January, 2018. Research on Crops. Year: 2017, Volume: 18, Issue: 4. First page: (618) Last page: (626) https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00104.8 |
| [13] | S. Caliskan, I. Ozkaya, M. E. Caliskan, M. Arslan “The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil” Field Crops Research 108(2008) 126–132. |
[12, 13]
. Organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, can improve soil structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability, contributing to a more sustainable production system.
In addition to fertilizer management, the study emphasizes the importance of other agronomic practices in maximizing soybean yield. These include appropriate site selection, planting date, weed control, and pest management. Furthermore, the integration of rhizobium inoculants can enhance nitrogen fixation in soybean, reducing the need for nitrogen-based fertilizers and further promoting sustainable production practices
| [8] | P. K. Jaga and Satish Sharma “Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Fertilizer on Productivity of Soybean” College of Agriculture (JNKVV) Ganj Basoda, Vidisha (MP) - 464 221 Received: December, 2014: Revised accepted: April, 2015. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 17(2): 171-174(2015). |
| [9] | Paul Benyamin Timotiwu, Yayuk Nurmiaty, Eko Pramono, Siti Maysaroh “Growth and Yield Responses of Four Soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill.) Cultivars to Different Methods of NPK Fertilizer Application”, Jurnal Agrosains (Journal of Agro Science) Vol 8 No 1 / February 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/pt.2020.112.39-43 |
[8, 9]
. The influence of fertilizer regimes on soybean production extends beyond fertile soil conditions, impacting yields across a range of ecosystems and environmental conditions
| [5] | Kuntyastuti, H. Lestari, S. A. D. Purwaningrahayu, R. D. Sutrison-Mejaya, M. J. -Dariah, A. Trisilawati, O. Sudaryono, T. “Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grain Yield in Dryland of Indonesia” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research January 2022. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2004_35313549 |
| [7] | Mohammed H. H. Abbas, Ahmed O. A. Ismail, Manal A. H. El-Gamal and Haytham M. Salem. “Integrated Effect of Mineral Nitrogen, Bio and Organic Fertilization on Soybean Productivity. Egypt. J. Biotechnol. Vol. 39, October, 2011. |
| [11] | Putri Gita Lestaria, Ayu Oshin Yap Sinagaa, David Septian Sumanto Marpaungb, Winati Nurhayua, Indah Oktaviania “Application of Organic Fertilizer for Improving Soybean Production under Acidic Stress” PII: S2096-2428(24)00012-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2024.02.001 |
| [12] | Ruth Adebayo Abidemi1, Babatunde Akanbi Wasiu2, Oyekunle Olaniyi Joel2, Rapheal Kutu Funso1. “Growth and yield attributes of soybean (Glycine max L) in response to cassava peel compost and inorganic fertilizer” Online published on 12 January, 2018. Research on Crops. Year: 2017, Volume: 18, Issue: 4. First page: (618) Last page: (626) https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00104.8 |
| [13] | S. Caliskan, I. Ozkaya, M. E. Caliskan, M. Arslan “The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil” Field Crops Research 108(2008) 126–132. |
| [14] | Samia Osman Yagoub, A. Salam Kamel A. Salam, Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan, Moaid Albagir Hassan, “Effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merril)”. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR), Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 45-52, 2015. |
[5, 7, 11-14]
. This highlights the need for site-specific fertilizer recommendations that consider soil type, climate, and other environmental factors. Future research should focus on developing integrated nutrient management strategies that optimize soybean productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. This may involve exploring the use of cover crops, crop rotation, and precision agriculture techniques to enhance nutrient use efficiency and promote sustainable soybean production systems.
5. Conclusions
From all the experiments, it can be concluded that: Among the 5 treatments, it has been shown that: organic fertilizer (2,000 kg/ha) and scientific fertilizer + organic fertilizer (100 kg/ha + 1,000 kg/ha) give the highest yield of 2.48 and 2.57 t/ha respectively; while the controller gives the lowest output. So; in the soybean production process regardless of whether it is implemented in different environments, production areas and ecosystems, if you want to produce soybeans with a high yield, every time you plant, you need to add fertilizer, but you must add it in the right proportion, according to the period and correctly according to the correct technique-method of applying fertilizer, so that the production of soybeans every time will get a high yield.
Acknowledgments
This experimental research was successful because of the support and cooperation from many parties. The research team would like to express their gratitude and thanks to various parties such as the financial support. They would like to express their gratitude to KOPIA-Lao Center. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to deans of the Faculty of Agriculture of all 3 universities (National University of Lao Vientiane capital Lao PDR, Savanhnakhet University Savannakhet province Lao PDR and Souphanouvong University luangphrabang province Lao PDR) as well as the professors and students who are responsible for experimental research, for helping to make this experiment a success as expected.
Author Contributions
Nelamith Bounbandit: Data curation, Writing – original draft
Siviengkhek Phommalath: Formal Analysis, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
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Hasan, M. J., Ahmed, S., Rahman, M. A., & Samanta, S. C. (2019). Fertilizer management for maximizing soybean (Glycine max L.) production in saline agro-ecosystem of Barguna. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 89-93
|
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Abbas, M. H., Ismail, A. O., El-Gamal, M. A., & Salem, H. M. (2011). Integrated effect of mineral nitrogen, bio and organic fertilization on soybean productivity. Egypt. J. Biotechnol, 39, 2011.
|
| [3] |
Achmad Yozar Perkasa, Utomo, Teguh Widiatmoko. “Effect of Various Levels of NPK Fertilizer on the Yield Attributes of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties” Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol. 3 No. 1, February 2016.
|
| [4] |
Endrik Nurrohman, Siti Zubaidah, Heru Kuswantoro “Effect of Nitrogen Dosage (N) on Morphology of Soybean Strains (Glycine max (L.) Merr) Hold Bemisia tabaci” Bioedukasi, 2018
jurnal.unej.ac.id
|
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Kuntyastuti, H. Lestari, S. A. D. Purwaningrahayu, R. D. Sutrison-Mejaya, M. J. -Dariah, A. Trisilawati, O. Sudaryono, T. “Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grain Yield in Dryland of Indonesia” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research January 2022.
https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2004_35313549
|
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Mishad Chowdhury, Saleh Farhad1, Shamal Kumar Bhowal, Sujan. Kumar. Bhowmik and A. K. Choudhury. Fertilizer Management for Maximizing Soybean (Glycine max L.) Production in Char Lands of Bangladesh. The Agriculturists 12(2): 98-102(2014) A Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation.
https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v12i2.21737
|
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Mohammed H. H. Abbas, Ahmed O. A. Ismail, Manal A. H. El-Gamal and Haytham M. Salem. “Integrated Effect of Mineral Nitrogen, Bio and Organic Fertilization on Soybean Productivity. Egypt. J. Biotechnol. Vol. 39, October, 2011.
|
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P. K. Jaga and Satish Sharma “Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Fertilizer on Productivity of Soybean” College of Agriculture (JNKVV) Ganj Basoda, Vidisha (MP) - 464 221 Received: December, 2014: Revised accepted: April, 2015. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 17(2): 171-174(2015).
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Paul Benyamin Timotiwu, Yayuk Nurmiaty, Eko Pramono, Siti Maysaroh “Growth and Yield Responses of Four Soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill.) Cultivars to Different Methods of NPK Fertilizer Application”, Jurnal Agrosains (Journal of Agro Science) Vol 8 No 1 / February 2020.
https://doi.org/10.18196/pt.2020.112.39-43
|
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Pauline M. Mabapa, John B. O. Ogola, Jude J. O. Odhiambo, Anthony Whitbread and John Hargreaves “Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on growth and yield of three soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in Limpopo Province” African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(19), pp. 2653-2660, 2010.
|
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Putri Gita Lestaria, Ayu Oshin Yap Sinagaa, David Septian Sumanto Marpaungb, Winati Nurhayua, Indah Oktaviania “Application of Organic Fertilizer for Improving Soybean Production under Acidic Stress” PII: S2096-2428(24)00012-5,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2024.02.001
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Bounbandit, N., Phommalath, S., Phommachan, B., Phviseth, K., Latvilayvong, P., et al. (2024). Investigating the Influence of Fertilizer Application Rates on Soybean Yield Across Diverse Locations. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 9(6), 321-327. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
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Bounbandit, N.; Phommalath, S.; Phommachan, B.; Phviseth, K.; Latvilayvong, P., et al. Investigating the Influence of Fertilizer Application Rates on Soybean Yield Across Diverse Locations. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2024, 9(6), 321-327. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
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AMA Style
Bounbandit N, Phommalath S, Phommachan B, Phviseth K, Latvilayvong P, et al. Investigating the Influence of Fertilizer Application Rates on Soybean Yield Across Diverse Locations. Int J Agric Econ. 2024;9(6):321-327. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14,
author = {Nelamith Bounbandit and Siviengkhek Phommalath and Bouakhai Phommachan and Kito Phviseth and Paphatsone Latvilayvong and Thiphakone Thavonesack and Kongmy Symoukda},
title = {Investigating the Influence of Fertilizer Application Rates on Soybean Yield Across Diverse Locations
},
journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
pages = {321-327},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20240906.14},
abstract = {This study investigated the impact of varying fertilizer application rates on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics in three distinct locations within Lao PDR (Laos People’s Democratic Republic-Lao PDR): the Rice and Cash Crop Research Center (RCCRC), the Faculty of Agriculture Nabong Campus (National University of Laos, NUoL), and the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu Campus (Savannakhet University, SKU). The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season (August to December) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five fertilizer treatments were applied to a total of 15 experimental units, encompassing varying combinations and rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agronomic traits, including plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, individual plant weight, 100-seed weight, and grain yield, were measured at maturity. Data analysis was performed using Statistix 10.0 software with a significance level of 95% (P 0.05). The highest grain yields were achieved with the application of organic fertilizer at a rate of 2,000 kg/ha (2.48 t/ha) and a combination of organic fertilizer at 1,000 kg/ha with inorganic fertilizer at 100 kg/ha (2.57 t/ha). Conversely, the control treatment, which received no fertilizer, resulted in the lowest grain yield. These results highlight the importance of fertilizer management strategies in optimizing soybean production in Lao PDR. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of these fertilizer regimes on soil health and environmental sustainability.
},
year = {2024}
}
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigating the Influence of Fertilizer Application Rates on Soybean Yield Across Diverse Locations
AU - Nelamith Bounbandit
AU - Siviengkhek Phommalath
AU - Bouakhai Phommachan
AU - Kito Phviseth
AU - Paphatsone Latvilayvong
AU - Thiphakone Thavonesack
AU - Kongmy Symoukda
Y1 - 2024/11/28
PY - 2024
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP - 321
EP - 327
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-3843
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20240906.14
AB - This study investigated the impact of varying fertilizer application rates on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics in three distinct locations within Lao PDR (Laos People’s Democratic Republic-Lao PDR): the Rice and Cash Crop Research Center (RCCRC), the Faculty of Agriculture Nabong Campus (National University of Laos, NUoL), and the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Nongpheu Campus (Savannakhet University, SKU). The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 growing season (August to December) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five fertilizer treatments were applied to a total of 15 experimental units, encompassing varying combinations and rates of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Agronomic traits, including plant height, number of branches, pods per plant, individual plant weight, 100-seed weight, and grain yield, were measured at maturity. Data analysis was performed using Statistix 10.0 software with a significance level of 95% (P 0.05). The highest grain yields were achieved with the application of organic fertilizer at a rate of 2,000 kg/ha (2.48 t/ha) and a combination of organic fertilizer at 1,000 kg/ha with inorganic fertilizer at 100 kg/ha (2.57 t/ha). Conversely, the control treatment, which received no fertilizer, resulted in the lowest grain yield. These results highlight the importance of fertilizer management strategies in optimizing soybean production in Lao PDR. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of these fertilizer regimes on soil health and environmental sustainability.
VL - 9
IS - 6
ER -
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