Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria

Zakari Mohammed; Zaynab Muhammad Chellube; Ayuba Maina Jatau; Joseph Clement Akan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria

Zakari Mohammed, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Ayuba Maina Jatau, Joseph Clement Akan

Published in International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 8 May 2020 Accepted: 26 May 2020 Published: 26 October 2020

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Abstract

The objectives were to determine the concentrations of herbicide residues in soil and different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to compare the levels with allowable limits set by WHO/FAO. Four varieties of rice samples (Narica 1, Marica 2, De-gold and Faro 44 were collected from Zabarmari and Bulamari agricultural locations for the determination of herbicide residues. Extraction and cleanup of the samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The levels of the studied herbicide residues were determined using Agilent 7890A GC/MS. From the results of the study, it was observed that paraquat and butachlor are the most dominant used herbicides in the study area due to their higher concentrations in the soil and rice samples. The concentrations of all the studied herbicides were significantly higher in the soil samples as compared to the rice samples. The concentrations of all the herbicides in the soil samples were observed to be higher at depth of 0-10cm, while the lowest concentrations were detected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The study clearly indicates that some of the studied herbicide residues in the rice samples were significantly higher than the WHO and FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intake values (ADIs). Hence, this high values of residues of herbicide call for strict vigilance and constant monitoring in other to protect further contamination of the cultivated rice by herbicides.

Published in	International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
Page(s)	15-20
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Herbicide, Varieties, Rice, Soil, MRL

References

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APA Style

Zakari Mohammed, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Ayuba Maina Jatau, Joseph Clement Akan. (2020). Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 5(2), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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ACS Style

Zakari Mohammed; Zaynab Muhammad Chellube; Ayuba Maina Jatau; Joseph Clement Akan. Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. Int. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2020, 5(2), 15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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AMA Style

Zakari Mohammed, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Ayuba Maina Jatau, Joseph Clement Akan. Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. Int J Bioorg Chem. 2020;5(2):15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11,
  author = {Zakari Mohammed and Zaynab Muhammad Chellube and Ayuba Maina Jatau and Joseph Clement Akan},
  title = {Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {15-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  abstract = {The objectives were to determine the concentrations of herbicide residues in soil and different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to compare the levels with allowable limits set by WHO/FAO. Four varieties of rice samples (Narica 1, Marica 2, De-gold and Faro 44 were collected from Zabarmari and Bulamari agricultural locations for the determination of herbicide residues. Extraction and cleanup of the samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The levels of the studied herbicide residues were determined using Agilent 7890A GC/MS. From the results of the study, it was observed that paraquat and butachlor are the most dominant used herbicides in the study area due to their higher concentrations in the soil and rice samples. The concentrations of all the studied herbicides were significantly higher in the soil samples as compared to the rice samples. The concentrations of all the herbicides in the soil samples were observed to be higher at depth of 0-10cm, while the lowest concentrations were detected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The study clearly indicates that some of the studied herbicide residues in the rice samples were significantly higher than the WHO and FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intake values (ADIs). Hence, this high values of residues of herbicide call for strict vigilance and constant monitoring in other to protect further contamination of the cultivated rice by herbicides.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria
AU  - Zakari Mohammed
AU  - Zaynab Muhammad Chellube
AU  - Ayuba Maina Jatau
AU  - Joseph Clement Akan
Y1  - 2020/10/26
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
T2  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
SP  - 15
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9392
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
AB  - The objectives were to determine the concentrations of herbicide residues in soil and different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to compare the levels with allowable limits set by WHO/FAO. Four varieties of rice samples (Narica 1, Marica 2, De-gold and Faro 44 were collected from Zabarmari and Bulamari agricultural locations for the determination of herbicide residues. Extraction and cleanup of the samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The levels of the studied herbicide residues were determined using Agilent 7890A GC/MS. From the results of the study, it was observed that paraquat and butachlor are the most dominant used herbicides in the study area due to their higher concentrations in the soil and rice samples. The concentrations of all the studied herbicides were significantly higher in the soil samples as compared to the rice samples. The concentrations of all the herbicides in the soil samples were observed to be higher at depth of 0-10cm, while the lowest concentrations were detected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The study clearly indicates that some of the studied herbicide residues in the rice samples were significantly higher than the WHO and FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intake values (ADIs). Hence, this high values of residues of herbicide call for strict vigilance and constant monitoring in other to protect further contamination of the cultivated rice by herbicides.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Zakari Mohammed

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Zaynab Muhammad Chellube

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Ayuba Maina Jatau

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Joseph Clement Akan

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

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Zakari Mohammed, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Ayuba Maina Jatau, Joseph Clement Akan. (2020). Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 5(2), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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ACS Style

Zakari Mohammed; Zaynab Muhammad Chellube; Ayuba Maina Jatau; Joseph Clement Akan. Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. Int. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2020, 5(2), 15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

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AMA Style

Zakari Mohammed, Zaynab Muhammad Chellube, Ayuba Maina Jatau, Joseph Clement Akan. Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria. Int J Bioorg Chem. 2020;5(2):15-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11,
  author = {Zakari Mohammed and Zaynab Muhammad Chellube and Ayuba Maina Jatau and Joseph Clement Akan},
  title = {Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {15-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijbc.20200502.11},
  abstract = {The objectives were to determine the concentrations of herbicide residues in soil and different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to compare the levels with allowable limits set by WHO/FAO. Four varieties of rice samples (Narica 1, Marica 2, De-gold and Faro 44 were collected from Zabarmari and Bulamari agricultural locations for the determination of herbicide residues. Extraction and cleanup of the samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The levels of the studied herbicide residues were determined using Agilent 7890A GC/MS. From the results of the study, it was observed that paraquat and butachlor are the most dominant used herbicides in the study area due to their higher concentrations in the soil and rice samples. The concentrations of all the studied herbicides were significantly higher in the soil samples as compared to the rice samples. The concentrations of all the herbicides in the soil samples were observed to be higher at depth of 0-10cm, while the lowest concentrations were detected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The study clearly indicates that some of the studied herbicide residues in the rice samples were significantly higher than the WHO and FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intake values (ADIs). Hence, this high values of residues of herbicide call for strict vigilance and constant monitoring in other to protect further contamination of the cultivated rice by herbicides.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Herbicide Residues in Soil and Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Samples from Borno State, Nigeria
AU  - Zakari Mohammed
AU  - Zaynab Muhammad Chellube
AU  - Ayuba Maina Jatau
AU  - Joseph Clement Akan
Y1  - 2020/10/26
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
T2  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry
SP  - 15
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9392
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbc.20200502.11
AB  - The objectives were to determine the concentrations of herbicide residues in soil and different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to compare the levels with allowable limits set by WHO/FAO. Four varieties of rice samples (Narica 1, Marica 2, De-gold and Faro 44 were collected from Zabarmari and Bulamari agricultural locations for the determination of herbicide residues. Extraction and cleanup of the samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The levels of the studied herbicide residues were determined using Agilent 7890A GC/MS. From the results of the study, it was observed that paraquat and butachlor are the most dominant used herbicides in the study area due to their higher concentrations in the soil and rice samples. The concentrations of all the studied herbicides were significantly higher in the soil samples as compared to the rice samples. The concentrations of all the herbicides in the soil samples were observed to be higher at depth of 0-10cm, while the lowest concentrations were detected at the depth of 20-30 cm. The study clearly indicates that some of the studied herbicide residues in the rice samples were significantly higher than the WHO and FAO maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intake values (ADIs). Hence, this high values of residues of herbicide call for strict vigilance and constant monitoring in other to protect further contamination of the cultivated rice by herbicides.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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