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Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)

Received: 14 July 2015     Accepted: 24 July 2015     Published: 28 July 2015
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Abstract

Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments. Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
Page(s) 32-41
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coccyx Anatomy, Coccydynia, Coccygectomy

References
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[2] Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G.,(2000). Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine ;25:3072-9.
[3] Karadimas EJ, Trypsiannis G, Giannoudis PV., (2010). Surgical treatment of coccygodynia: An analytic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 20:698–705.
[4] Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia(1983): Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am;65:1116–1124.
[5] Grassi R, Lombardi G, Reginelli A, Capasso F, Romano F, Floriani I, Colacurci N: Coccygeal movement: Assessment with dynamic MRI. (2007) European Journal of Radiology 61(3):473-479.
[6] Fogel GR, Cunningham PY 3rd, Esses SI.(2004). Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg;12:49-54.
[7] Karadimas EJ, Trypsiannis G, Giannoudis PV., (2010). Surgical treatment of coccygodynia: An analytic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 20:698–705.
[8] Kerimoglu U, Dagoglu MG, Ergen FB., (2007). Intercoccygeal angle and type of coccyx in asymptomatic patients. Surg Radiol Anat 29:683–687.
[9] Kim NH., and Suk KS(1999): Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei Med J 40:215-220.
[10] O’Rahilly R, Muller F, Meyer DB. 1990. The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 4. The sacrococcygeal region. J Anat 168:95–111.
[11] Tague RG (2011) Fusion of coccyx to sacrum in humans: prevalence,correlates, and effect on pelvic size, with obstetrical and evolutionary implications. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:426–437.
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[15] Doursounian L, Maigne JY, Faure F, Chatellier G(2004). Coccygectomy for instability of the coccyx. Int Orthop 28:176–179.
[16] Balain B, Eisenstein SM, Alo GO, Ga´spa´r L, Jo´na´s Z, Kiss (2006) Coccygectomy for coccydynia: case series and review of literature. Spine ;31:E414-20.
[17] Maigne JY, Tamalet B., (1996). Standardized radiologic protocol for the study of common coccygodynia and characteristics of the lesions observed in the sitting position. Clinical elements differentiating luxation, hypermobility, and normal mobility. Spine 21:2588–2593.
[18] Nathan ST, Fisher BE, Roberts CS., (2010). Coccydynia: A review of pathoanatomy, aetiology, treatment and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92:1622–1627.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. (2015). Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy, 1(2), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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    ACS Style

    Saadia Ahmed Shalaby; Essam Mohammed Eid; Omar ABd Alaziz Allam; Ali Mohammed Ali; Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int. J. Clin. Dev. Anat. 2015, 1(2), 32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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    AMA Style

    Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int J Clin Dev Anat. 2015;1(2):32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13,
      author = {Saadia Ahmed Shalaby and Essam Mohammed Eid and Omar ABd Alaziz Allam and Ali Mohammed Ali and Mohammad Abdullah Gebba},
      title = {Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)},
      journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy},
      volume = {1},
      number = {2},
      pages = {32-41},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcda.20150102.13},
      abstract = {Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments.  Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)
    AU  - Saadia Ahmed Shalaby
    AU  - Essam Mohammed Eid
    AU  - Omar ABd Alaziz Allam
    AU  - Ali Mohammed Ali
    AU  - Mohammad Abdullah Gebba
    Y1  - 2015/07/28
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
    T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
    JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
    JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
    SP  - 32
    EP  - 41
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8008
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
    AB  - Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments.  Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons
    VL  - 1
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

  • Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

  • Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

  • Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

  • Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

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