Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed; Sara Abdalla Khamis; Haji Mwevura; Miza Ali Kombo; Said Suleiman Bakari

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 13 March 2016 Accepted: 22 March 2016 Published: 1 April 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (C_d), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (C_d) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (C_d, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
Page(s)	45-55
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Zanzibar, Degree of Contamination, Risk Assessment, Health Risk, Environmental Pollution

References

[1]	Mohamed AAJ, Ibrahim AR, Lee HL, Hanna M, Mohamed M, Fadilah T, Nur AR (2016) Assessment of Groundwater Quality Parameters in Northern Region of Zanzibar Island, J Chem Eng Bioanalyticalchem, 1: 1-8.
[2]	Shittu A, Chifu EN, Abdussalam BS, Hafeez YH (2016) Evaluation of Radioactivity Concentration in Drinking Water Collected from Local Wells and Boreholes of Dutse Town, North West, Nigeria Int J Envi Monit Analy, 4: 6-11.
[3]	Mohamed AAJ, Ibrahim AR, Lee HL, Khamis SA, Mwevura H, Mbwana KH. (2016) An Index Approach to Metallic Pollution in Groundwater Sources of South Region of Pemba Island, Scie J Analyt Chem, 4: 12-21.
[4]	Armon R, Kitty J (1994) The Health Dimension of Groundwater Contamination. In: Groundwater Contamination and Control, Holler (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, USA.
[5]	Epa.ohio.gov.gwqcp.fluoride_factsheet, Fluoride in Ohio’s Ground water, Fact Sheet 2012-01, Series on Ohio’s Ground water Quality, March 2012.
[6]	Oiste AM (2014) Groundwater quality assessment in urban environment, Int J EnvirSci Tech, 11:2095–2102.
[7]	Nagarajan R, Rajmohan N, Mahendran U, Senthamilkumar S(2010) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agriculture use in Thanjavur city, Tamil nadu, India, Envir Monit Asse, 171: 289-308.
[8]	Mattiesen H (2008) Detailed chemical analyses of groundwater as a tool for monitoring urban archaeological deposits: results from Bryggen in Gergen, J Archaeological Sci, 35: 1378–1388.
[9]	Milenkovic N, Damjanovic M, Ristic M (2005) Study of heavy metal pollution in sediments from the iron gate (danuae river), serbia and Montenegro, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14: 781-787.
[10]	Wu JL, Zeng, HA, Yu H, Ma L, Xu, LS, Qin BQ (2012) Water and sediment quality in lakes along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China Water Resour. Manage, 12:3601–3618.
[11]	Ikejimba CC, Sakpa S (2014) Comparative study of some heavy metals’ concentrations in water and Tympanotonusfuscatusvar radula samples of Egbokodo River, Warri, Nigeria, Int J Modern Biol Re, 2: 7-15.
[12]	Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T (2010) Metal pollution in ecosystem, ecotoxicology studies & risk assessment in the marine environment. Dept. of Chemistry, University of Athens University Campus Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
[13]	EPA (1986) Air quality criteria document for lead. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
[14]	Rajappa B, Manjappa S, Puttaiah ET (2010) Monitoring of heavy metal concentration in groundwater of Hakinaka Taluk, India, Contemporary Eng Sci, 3: 183-190.
[15]	Nriagu JO (1988) A silent epidemic of environmental metal poisoning? Environmental Pollution, 50: 139-161.
[16]	Osibanjo O, Majolagbe AO (2012) Physicochemical quality assessment of groundwater based on land use in Lagos city, Southwest, Nigeria, Chem J, 2: 79-86.
[17]	Buschmann J, Berg M, Stengel C, Winkel L, Sampson, ML, Trang, PTK, Viet PH (2008) Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong Delta floodplains: Arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population, EnvirInt, 34, 756–764.
[18]	Fraga CG, Oteiza PI (2002) Iron toxicity and antioxidant nutrients, Toxicology, 180: 23-32.
[19]	EPA (2013) Consumer Factsheet on: COPPER. Retrieved on February 26, 2016 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
[20]	APHA (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 21st edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
[21]	Prasad B, Bose JM (2001) Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the lower Himalayas, Envir Geology, 41: 183–188.
[22]	Backman B, Bodis D, Lahermo P, Rapant S (1997) Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia, Envir Geology, 36: 55–64.
[23]	Rubio B, Nombela MA, Vilas F ( 2000) Geochemistry of Major and Trace Elements in Sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain): an Assessment of Metal Pollution, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40: 968-980.
[24]	Edet AE, Offiong OE (2002) Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo - Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin, (southeastern Nigeria), Geo J, 57: 295–304.
[25]	Wongsasuluk P, Chotpantarat S, Siriwong W, Robson M (2014) Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, Environ Geochem Health, 36: 169–182.
[26]	Muhammed S, Shari MT, Khan S (2011) Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohitan region, northern Pakistan. Microchem J, 98: 334-343.
[27]	Nasrabadi T (2015) An Index Approach to Metallic Pollution in River Waters Int. J. Environ. Res., 9(1): 385-394.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. (2016). Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed; Sara Abdalla Khamis; Haji Mwevura; Miza Ali Kombo; Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2016, 4(2), 45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2016;4(2):45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12,
  author = {Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed and Sara Abdalla Khamis and Haji Mwevura and Miza Ali Kombo and Said Suleiman Bakari},
  title = {Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {45-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20160402.12},
  abstract = {Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island
AU  - Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed
AU  - Sara Abdalla Khamis
AU  - Haji Mwevura
AU  - Miza Ali Kombo
AU  - Said Suleiman Bakari
Y1  - 2016/04/01
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 45
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
AB  - Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed

Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania
Sara Abdalla Khamis

Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania
Haji Mwevura

Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania
Miza Ali Kombo

Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania
Said Suleiman Bakari

Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), Zanzibar, Tanzania

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. (2016). Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed; Sara Abdalla Khamis; Haji Mwevura; Miza Ali Kombo; Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2016, 4(2), 45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed, Sara Abdalla Khamis, Haji Mwevura, Miza Ali Kombo, Said Suleiman Bakari. Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2016;4(2):45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12,
  author = {Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed and Sara Abdalla Khamis and Haji Mwevura and Miza Ali Kombo and Said Suleiman Bakari},
  title = {Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {45-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20160402.12},
  abstract = {Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Assessment on Trace Metals in Groundwater and Springs in Urban Environment of Zanzibar Island
AU  - Abdul Ali Juma Mohamed
AU  - Sara Abdalla Khamis
AU  - Haji Mwevura
AU  - Miza Ali Kombo
AU  - Said Suleiman Bakari
Y1  - 2016/04/01
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 45
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160402.12
AB  - Urban-west region is the most highly populated region of Zanzibar. More than half of the Zanzibar populations reside at this region. Groundwater is the main resource of drinking water in this area, and currently there is no drinking water treatment plant; hence, the suitability and appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking and other domestic uses is of public and scientific concern. In this study, groundwater samples were collected from 30 sites in urban areas of Zanzibar Island in December 2012. Measurements, and investigation of the levels of trace metals  in water including Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Ti, and Zn were measured in thirty locations in Zanzibar urban west region using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The paper also highlights and depicts the estimate of the degree of metal contamination (Cd), hazard quotient which yields hazard index (HI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Using the four heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe), the degree of contamination (Cd) in all water sources were less than 1, thus they fall in to the category of low degree of contamination. The general trend of the average daily dose (ADD) of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd in water sources was Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Fe ˃ Cd. As the severity of metal toxicity is governed by several factors, such as dose, nutrition, age, and even life style. Therefore, this trend might not guarantee the absence of human health risk. Generally, from risk assessment on trace metals using risk indices (Cd, HPI, HI and HEI), the analyzed water sources might not be at the alarming health risk. However, due to an increasing level of environmental pollution, water sources might be potential sink of contaminants; this is significant reason that makes the treatment of drinking water and monitoring implementation inevitable.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download