Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State

Received: 1 June 2024     Accepted: 20 June 2024     Published: 25 June 2024
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Abstract

Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus Influenza type b (HIB), Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus and Hepatitis B, neonatal tetanus yellow fever, measles, cerebrospinal meningitis and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. The objective of this study is to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, designed to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The study focused on children 0-2 years. Majority 102 (25.2%) of the respondents were within the age range of 25-29 years, 82 (20.5%) were >39 years. 314 (78.5%) were Yorubas. 385 (96.2%) had good knowledge while 15 (3.8%) had poor knowledge. 374 (93.5%) of the women have positive attitude while 26 (6.5%) of them have negative attitude. Most of the respondents, 391 (97.8%) of the respondents reported that they have taken their child to the health facility for immunization and 232 (58%) have taken their child to 4-5 immunization sessions. Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that very few of the women had poor knowledge of childhood immunization, majority of the women had positive attitude score and practice of childhood immunization, practice of childhood immunization is quite high, and the uptake of childhood immunization is quite high.

Published in International Journal of Immunology (Volume 12, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11
Page(s) 19-29
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Immunization, Coverage, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

1. Introduction
Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb), Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, neonatal tetanus, yellow fever, measles, and cerebrospinal meningitis. It is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year, making it one of the most economical health interventions available . Immunization programs are designed to reach even the most hard-to-reach and exposed populations, with clear target groups and efficient distribution methods that do not require major lifestyle changes.
Nigeria, as a signatory to the Declaration of the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children, articulated at the 49th World Health Assembly and reinforced by the World Summit for Children in 1990, has committed to addressing global immunization challenges . The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which includes rights to survival, development, and the highest attainable standard of health, further underscores this commitment . In line with these commitments, Nigeria’s National Programme on Immunization (NPI) collaborates with state and local governments, as well as international partners, to implement sustainable immunization strategies. Ensuring that children receive complete routine immunizations is critical for the health and prosperity of the nation.
Despite these efforts, the epidemiological data reveal significant challenges. Approximately 2.5 million deaths occur annually from vaccine-preventable diseases, predominantly in Africa and Asia among children under five years old . Immunization services are provided through routine immunization (RI) and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). However, the evidence guiding public health actions in preparedness and response to disease outbreaks remains limited and uneven . The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), introduced in Nigeria in 1978, aimed to provide routine immunization to children under two years but has faced intermittent success . The current immunization schedule includes vaccines such as BCG, Hepatitis B, OPV, Pentavalent, PCV, IPV, Measles, Yellow Fever, Vitamin A, and Meningitis, administered during the first year of life over five visits .
Despite these structured efforts, immunization coverage in Nigeria remains suboptimal, particularly among specific demographic groups. Reports indicate that routine immunization rates have declined, with significant disparities between different ethnic and racial groups . For example, the WHO Demographic Health Survey in Nigeria revealed that the percentage of children fully immunized before their first birthday dropped from 14.3% in 1999 to 11.3% in 2003, with dropout rates between the first and third doses of Pentavalent vaccine increasing . This decline in immunization uptake poses a significant risk to child health, especially in regions like Southwestern Nigeria where coverage remains low despite the availability of numerous immunization centers and mass campaign opportunities .
This study investigates the adoption of routine immunization services in Akure South L.G.A, Ondo State, where low uptake and rejection of these services have been observed. Given the critical role of immunization in ensuring child health and survival, understanding the factors contributing to this low uptake is essential. This research aims to identify the socio-demographic correlates influencing the adoption of routine immunization services in this region, contributing to the broader efforts of improving immunization coverage and protecting children from vaccine-preventable diseases.
2. Method
2.1. Study Design
This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess routine immunization coverage among children aged 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The study focused on children in this age group to evaluate immunization practices and coverage comprehensively.
2.2. Sampling Technique
A multistage sampling technique was employed for this study. Akure South LGA comprises 11 wards, including Aponmu, Gbogi/Isikan I, Gbogi/Isikan II, Ijomu/Obanla, Ilisa, Oda, Odopetu, Oke/Aro, Irowo, Oshodi/Isolo, and Owode/Imuagun. The sampling process involved:
1. First Stage: From the list of wards, one community was selected through simple random sampling (balloting).
2. Second Stage: The desired sample size, determined using Leslie Fischer’s formula, was proportionally allocated to each community based on population size.
3. Third Stage: Within each selected community, one major settlement was chosen.
This sampling technique ensured a representative sample of the population, focusing on children directly involved in immunization programs. The minimum sample size calculated was 384 children, based on a confidence interval of 95% and an error margin of 5%.
2.3. Data Collection
Data collection involved using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was previously validated in similar studies globally. To ensure its relevance and accuracy, the draft instrument was reviewed by the researcher’s supervisor, who provided necessary corrections and suggestions. These modifications were carefully incorporated to improve the instrument’s quality in relation to the research questions. The questionnaire was pre-tested in a different community within Akure North LGA to identify and rectify any areas of ambiguity before the actual data collection. This pre-testing ensured the reliability of the instrument. Trained interviewers administered the questionnaire in a self-administered mode, ensuring that the data collected was accurate and unbiased. The collected questionnaires were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency counts, percentages, and bar charts, were used to analyze demographic information, while inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, were used to test hypotheses at a 0.05 significance level.
2.4. Ethical Consideration
Ethical considerations were rigorously observed throughout the study. The purpose of the study was explained to the caregivers of the participating children, and informed verbal consent was obtained before administering the questionnaire. Participation was entirely voluntary, with no form of coercion or undue influence exerted on the participants. Confidentiality of all information provided by the participants was strictly maintained. The respondents’ names were not recorded on the questionnaire to ensure anonymity. This approach ensured that the privacy and rights of the participants were respected throughout the study. Additionally, participants were assured that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. This ethical approach fostered a sense of trust and willingness among the participants, contributing to the reliability and validity of the collected data.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
As shown in Table 1, a majority 102 (25.2%) of the respondents were within the age range of 25-29 years, 82 (20.5%) were >39 years. 314 (78.5%) were Yorubas, 342 (85.5%) of the respondents were Christians while 44 (11%) were Muslims. About 295 (73.8%) respondents were married while 189 (47.3%) respondents completed secondary education, 113 (28.3%) had tertiary education, about 59 (14.8%) had primary education and 39 (9.8%) had no formal education. 345 (86.3%) respondents have 1-5 children.
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents.

VARIABLES

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

AGE

<25

78

19.5

25-29

102

25.2

30-34

78

19.5

35-39

60

15

>39

82

20.5

ETHNICITY

YORUBA

314

78.5

IBO

57

14.3

HAUSA

19

4.8

OTHERS

10

2.5

RELIGION

CHRISTIANITY

342

85.5

ISLAM

44

11.0

TRADITIONAL

13

3.3

OTHERS

1

0.3

MARITAL STATUS

MARRIED

295

73.8

WIDOWED

27

6.8

DIVORCED

27

6.8

SEPARATED

51

12.8

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

NO FORMAL EDUCATION

39

9.8

PRIMARY

59

14.8

SECONDARY

189

47.3

TERTIARY

113

28.3

TYPES OF OCCUPATION

FARMING/ARTISAN/PETTY TRADING

149

37.3

BUSINESS

108

27.0

CIVIL SERVANTS/PROFESSIONALS

104

26.0

OTHERS

39

9.8

NUMBER OF CHILDREN

0

9

2.3

1-5

345

86.3

>5

46

11.5

3.2. Child’s Bio Data
Table 2 shows the child’s bio data. 246 (61.5%) of the children are between 1-2 years old, 293 (73.3%) are female while 166 (41.5%) are between 1-2 position.
Table 2. Child’s Bio Data.

VARIABLES

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

AGE OF LAST CHILD

No child

9

2.3

<1 years

145

36.3

1-2 years

246

61.5

SEX

Female

293

73.3

Male

107

26.8

Position of Child

1-2

166

41.5

3-4

154

38.5

>4

80

20

3.3. Immunization Knowledge
Table 3 shows the knowledge of women of childbearing age about childhood immunization. The majority, 329 (82.3%) think immunization prevents diseases/infection, 394 (98.5%) think immunization protect babies against serious diseases and 368 (92%) of them agree prevention of disease is the major benefit of immunization.
Table 3. Knowledge about Immunization.

VARIABLE

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

What is immunization?

Means of preventing diseases/infections

314

78.5

Means of treating diseases/infections

71

17.7

No response

15

3.8

What type of vaccines do you know?

OPV and IPV

381

95.3

Measles

396

99

HBV

274

68.5

PCV

142

35.5

Yellow fever

370

92.5

Td

56

14

Penta

129

32.3

BCG

357

89.3

Do immunizations protect babies against serious diseases.

Yes

394

98.5

No

6

1.5

What are the benefits of immunization?

It prevents diseases.

368

92

It improves the body antigens.

310

77.5

It improves living.

254

63.5

It serves as a balanced diet.

54

13.5

None of the above

5

1.3

Figure 1. Knowledge Score of Respondents.
3.4. Knowledge Score of Respondents
Figure 1 presents the knowledge scores of the respondents regarding immunization practices. Out of the total sample, an overwhelming majority of 385 respondents, representing 96.2%, demonstrated good knowledge. This indicates a high level of awareness and understanding of immunization among most of the participants. In contrast, only 15 respondents, accounting for 3.8% of the total sample, exhibited poor knowledge. This minority group highlights a small, yet significant, gap in knowledge that may require targeted educational interventions to ensure comprehensive understanding and participation in immunization programs.
3.5. Respondents' Attitudes on Immunization Practices
Table 4 shows the attitude of respondents towards immunization. 317 (79.3%) of the respondents disagree that they would not take their child for immunization, 191 (47.3%) said they strongly disagree that their spouse doesn’t support immunization, 198 (49.5%) said they also strongly disagree that they prefer traditional medicine to immunization. Also, majority of the respondents 397 (99.3%) reported that they disagree that Immunization is not completely safe for their baby, 302 (75.5%) said they disagree that health workers reaction towards pregnant mother is good while 385 (96.3%) agree that vaccine is effective in preventing diseases.
Table 4. Attitude of Respondents towards immunization.

VARIABLE

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

I may not take my child for immunization.

Agree

38

9.5

Strongly agree.

14

3.5

Disagree

317

79.3

Strongly disagree

31

7.8

My spouse doesn’t support immunization.

Agree

24

6

Strongly agree

10

2.5

Disagree

157

39.3

Strongly disagree

191

47.3

I prefer traditional medicine to immunization.

Agree

2

0.5

Strongly agree

0

0

Disagree

200

50

Strongly disagree

198

49.5

Immunization is not completely safe for my baby

Agree

3

0.8

Strongly agree

0

0

Disagree

397

99.3

Strongly disagree

Health workers reaction towards pregnant mother is good

Agree

47

11.8

Strongly agree

19

4.8

Disagree

302

75.5

Strongly disagree

32

8

Vaccine is effective in preventing diseases

Agree

385

96.3

Strongly agree

5

1.3

Disagree

10

2.5

Strongly disagree

0

0

3.6. Attitude Score to Childhood Immunization
Table 6 shows the attitude to childhood immunization. 374 (93.5%) of the women have positive attitude while 26 (6.5%) of them have negative attitude.
Figure 2. Attitudes of Women Towards Childhood Immunization.
3.7. Practice of Childhood Immunization Among Respondents
Table 5 shows the practice of childhood immunization. Majority of the respondents, 391 (97.8%) of the respondents reported that they have taken their child to the health facility for immunization and 232 (58%) have taken their child to 4-5 immunization sessions.
Table 5. Practice of Childhood Immunization.

VARIABLE

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

Have you ever taken your child for immunization in a health facility

Yes

391

97.8

No

9

2.3

How many sessions of immunization has your child had

1-3 sessions

140

35

4-5 sessions

232

58

>5 sessions

28

7

3.8. Practice of Childhood Immunization by Antigen
Table 6 shows the practice of Childhood Immunization by antigen. Majority of the respondents 378 (94.5%) reported that their children have completed BCG, 209 (52.3%) completed HBV, 390 (97.5%) completed OPV 0, OPV 1, OPV 2 and OPV 3. However, 298 (74.5%) reported that their child did not complete PCV 1, 304 (76%) PCV2 and 387 (96.8%) PCV 3. 254 (63.5%) of the respondents said their child completed Penta 1, 218 (54.5%) completed Penta 2. 231 (57.8%) did not complete Penta 3. 384 (96%) completed both measles and yellow fever.
Table 6. Practice of Childhood Immunization by Antigens.

VARIABLE

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

BCG

COMPLETE

378

94.5

INCOMPLETE

22

5.5

HBV

COMPLETE

209

52.3

INCOMPLETE

191

47.5

OPV 0

COMPLETE

390

97.5

INCOMPLETE

10

2.5

OPV 1

COMPLETE

390

97.5

INCOMPLETE

10

2.5

OPV 2

COMPLETE

390

97.5

INCOMPLETE

10

2.5

OPV 3

COMPLETE

390

97.5

INCOMPLETE

10

2.5

PCV 1

COMPLETE

102

25.5

INCOMPLETE

298

74.5

PCV 2

COMPLETE

96

24

INCOMPLETE

304

76

PCV 3

COMPLETE

13

3.3

INCOMPLETE

387

96.8

PENTA 1

COMPLETE

254

63.5

INCOMPLETE

146

36.5

PENTA 2

COMPLETE

218

54.5

INCOMPLETE

182

45.5

PENTA 3

COMPLETE

169

42.3

INCOMPLETE

231

57.8

IPV

COMPLETE

175

43.8

INCOMPLETE

225

56.3

MEASLES

COMPLETE

384

96

INCOMPLETE

16

4

YELLOW FEVER

COMPLETE

384

96

INCOMPLETE

16

4

3.9. Constraints to Childhood Immunization
Table 7 shows the constraints to Childhood Immunization. Most of the respondents 350 (87.5%) agreed that they are willing to complete prescribed immunizations. Out of the 50 (12.5%) of the respondents that are not willing to complete immunization, 37 (74%) gave their reason as the adverse effect on the child.
Table 7. Constraints to Immunization.

VARIABLE

FREQUENCY (n=400)

PERCENTAGE (%)

Did you always complete the prescribed series of immunizations for your child or children that you immunized before?

Yes

350

87.5

No

50

12.5

If No, what are your reasons?

Husband do not agree

5

10

I do not have time for vaccination

7

14

Health facility is far to my house

1

2

Adverse effect

37

74

4. Discussion
Immunization has made a significant impact on global public health, but to maximize its benefits, coverage must uniformly reach critical levels for various diseases. This requires both the provision and optimum utilization of immunization services by the target population. Mothers of children under five, the primary targets for childhood immunization, need to be well-informed about these services and benefits, which necessitates a minimum literacy level .
Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa with an estimated population of about 210 million, is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) . Customarily, Nigeria is divided into six geopolitical zones: north-central, north-west, north-east, south-east, south-west, and south-south. The southern regions are generally more developed, populous, and educated than the northern regions. These regional differences, along with varying cultural and religious practices—Christianity in the south and Islam in the north—significantly influence immunization coverage and uptake in the country .
The present study assessed routine immunization coverage among children aged 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The majority (25.2%) of respondents were aged 25-29 years, 47.3% had completed secondary education, and 86.3% had 1-5 children. Most respondents were married (73.8%), Yoruba (78.5%), and Christian (85.5%). Overall, 96.2% of the women had a good knowledge of immunization, which consistent with several studies on immunization knowledge and coverage. For instance, a study conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, found high levels of awareness about immunization among mothers, with 92% demonstrating good knowledge about the importance of vaccines . This suggests that educational initiatives in some parts of Nigeria are effective in increasing immunization awareness. However, contrasting findings have been reported in other regions. A study in northern Nigeria revealed that only 48% of mothers had adequate knowledge about immunization . The disparity between these findings and those of the present study could be attributed to regional differences in educational outreach, socioeconomic factors, and access to healthcare services. Northern Nigeria has historically faced more challenges related to healthcare infrastructure and educational opportunities, which might explain the lower knowledge scores observed in that region.
A study conducted in rural Pakistan found that only 60% of mothers had a good understanding of immunization . The differences can be attributed to various factors, including educational level, cultural beliefs, and the effectiveness of public health campaigns. In regions with less access to education and healthcare services, knowledge about immunization tends to be lower.
The study found that 93.5% of respondents exhibited a positive attitude towards infant immunization and the health personnel administering vaccines. This finding is consistent with a 2020 study in China, where a majority of parents also showed favorable attitudes towards vaccination due to perceived importance, safety, and efficacy . Positive parental attitudes are crucial as they significantly influence vaccination uptake and adherence to schedules, further supported by trust in healthcare providers, which is essential for maintaining high vaccination rates. However, 9.5% of women indicated they might not take their child for immunization, and 6% reported a lack of spousal support, reflecting the complexity of vaccination behaviors. Similar contradictions were found in a 2021 study in India, where socio-cultural factors and familial influences led to vaccine hesitancy despite high awareness and positive attitudes .
The study also revealed that 97.8% of respondents had taken their child for immunization at a health facility, aligning with findings from Ethiopia, where high immunization rates were observed in communities with good healthcare access and positive health-seeking behaviors . However, there were significant gaps in the completion rates of specific vaccines, such as PCV and Penta series, with logistical challenges and lack of awareness contributing to lower completion rates, as highlighted by a 2020 study in Pakistan . These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions, including reminders and follow-up systems, to ensure complete vaccination schedules are followed.
The study also found that 87.5% of respondents always completed the prescribed series of immunization for their children, higher than rates in other regions of Nigeria. For instance, the northwest had a vaccination uptake rate of 6%, while the southeast had 44.6% . Religion significantly impacts education and vaccination uptake, with high levels of illiteracy and low vaccination uptake even in southern regions with strong Islamic influence. Studies have also linked vaccine hesitancy to religious beliefs, with some parents avoiding vaccinations due to cultural and religious reasons . Some parents believe vaccines can cause deformities or death or see them as a means of population control by "white men," preferring traditional medicine instead .
Rumors about vaccines further contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Favorable parental perceptions about vaccines are linked to increased vaccine uptake, doubling the likelihood of vaccination .
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, this research has identified critical insights into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of caregivers regarding childhood immunization in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The study revealed that most caregivers possess a good level of knowledge (96.2%) about immunization, and most have a positive attitude (93.5%) and proactive practice (97.8%) towards it. Despite these encouraging findings, immunization coverage still faces challenges due to factors such as cultural beliefs, religious influences, and socio-economic conditions. For instance, the study highlighted discrepancies in vaccination uptake linked to these factors, similar to patterns observed in other regions like Kinshasa and Iran. Future research should focus on addressing these socio-cultural barriers and enhancing education and outreach programs to ensure more comprehensive immunization coverage. Additionally, exploring the impact of targeted interventions in low-coverage areas and involving fathers more in immunization efforts could further improve the outcomes.
6. Recommendation
To further enhance immunization coverage, targeted health education campaigns should be implemented, particularly focusing on mothers in rural areas, slums, and villages, with an emphasis on those with lower levels of education. Additionally, organizing immunization sessions for mothers with children under one year old and facilitating social group meetings at maternal and child health centers could promote the exchange of information and support among mothers. Providing vaccination booklets that explain the importance of vaccines, how to manage side effects, and continuous educational programs about additional vaccinations not included in the mandatory health ministry schedule would further empower mothers with the knowledge necessary to ensure their children's health and wellbeing.
Abbreviations

HIb

Hemophilus Influenza type b

WHO

Wordl Health Organization

LGA

Local Government Area

NPI

National Programme on Immunization

RI

Routine Immunization

SIAs

Supplementary Immunization Activities

SPSS

Statistical Package for Social Sciences

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Daniel, E. O., Olawale, O. O., Avwerhota, M., Bello, A. M., Tomori, M. O., et al. (2024). An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. International Journal of Immunology, 12(2), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11

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    Daniel, E. O.; Olawale, O. O.; Avwerhota, M.; Bello, A. M.; Tomori, M. O., et al. An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. Int. J. Immunol. 2024, 12(2), 19-29. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11

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    AMA Style

    Daniel EO, Olawale OO, Avwerhota M, Bello AM, Tomori MO, et al. An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. Int J Immunol. 2024;12(2):19-29. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11,
      author = {Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Oluseyi Oludamilola Olawale and Michael Avwerhota and Ahmed Mamuda Bello and Michael Olabode Tomori and Israel Olukayode Popoola and Adebanke Adetutu Ogun and Aisha Oluwakemi Salami and Olukayode Oladeji Alewi and Taiwo Aderemi Popoola and Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo},
      title = {An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State
    },
      journal = {International Journal of Immunology},
      volume = {12},
      number = {2},
      pages = {19-29},
      doi = {10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.iji.20241202.11},
      abstract = {Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus Influenza type b (HIB), Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus and Hepatitis B, neonatal tetanus yellow fever, measles, cerebrospinal meningitis and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. The objective of this study is to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, designed to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The study focused on children 0-2 years. Majority 102 (25.2%) of the respondents were within the age range of 25-29 years, 82 (20.5%) were >39 years. 314 (78.5%) were Yorubas. 385 (96.2%) had good knowledge while 15 (3.8%) had poor knowledge. 374 (93.5%) of the women have positive attitude while 26 (6.5%) of them have negative attitude. Most of the respondents, 391 (97.8%) of the respondents reported that they have taken their child to the health facility for immunization and 232 (58%) have taken their child to 4-5 immunization sessions. Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that very few of the women had poor knowledge of childhood immunization, majority of the women had positive attitude score and practice of childhood immunization, practice of childhood immunization is quite high, and the uptake of childhood immunization is quite high.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - An Appraisal of Routine Immunization Coverage Among Children 0-2 Years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State
    
    AU  - Ebenezer Obi Daniel
    AU  - Oluseyi Oludamilola Olawale
    AU  - Michael Avwerhota
    AU  - Ahmed Mamuda Bello
    AU  - Michael Olabode Tomori
    AU  - Israel Olukayode Popoola
    AU  - Adebanke Adetutu Ogun
    AU  - Aisha Oluwakemi Salami
    AU  - Olukayode Oladeji Alewi
    AU  - Taiwo Aderemi Popoola
    AU  - Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo
    Y1  - 2024/06/25
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11
    T2  - International Journal of Immunology
    JF  - International Journal of Immunology
    JO  - International Journal of Immunology
    SP  - 19
    EP  - 29
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-1753
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20241202.11
    AB  - Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus Influenza type b (HIB), Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus and Hepatitis B, neonatal tetanus yellow fever, measles, cerebrospinal meningitis and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. The objective of this study is to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, designed to appraise routine immunization coverage among children 0-2 years in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. The study focused on children 0-2 years. Majority 102 (25.2%) of the respondents were within the age range of 25-29 years, 82 (20.5%) were >39 years. 314 (78.5%) were Yorubas. 385 (96.2%) had good knowledge while 15 (3.8%) had poor knowledge. 374 (93.5%) of the women have positive attitude while 26 (6.5%) of them have negative attitude. Most of the respondents, 391 (97.8%) of the respondents reported that they have taken their child to the health facility for immunization and 232 (58%) have taken their child to 4-5 immunization sessions. Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that very few of the women had poor knowledge of childhood immunization, majority of the women had positive attitude score and practice of childhood immunization, practice of childhood immunization is quite high, and the uptake of childhood immunization is quite high.
    
    VL  - 12
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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  • Abstract
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    1. 1. Introduction
    2. 2. Method
    3. 3. Results
    4. 4. Discussion
    5. 5. Conclusion
    6. 6. Recommendation
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