HIV infection and poor nutrition status are interlinked. HIV infected individuals are more vulnerable to under nutrition than the general population. Despite major advances in HIV treatment and survival outcomes, weight loss and wasting remain of significant health concern in people living with HIV. Poor nutritional status in HIV infected individuals is associated with disease progression, increased morbidity and reduced survival even when antiretroviral treatment (ART) is available. HIV and malnutrition have a cumulative effect in weakening the immune system and worsening nutrition status. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of under nutrition (wasting) among HIV infected, antiretroviral naïve adults, and the utility of wasting in predicting immunosuppression in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2014. Institution based, cross sectional study was done on a sample of 395 antiretroviral naïve adults attending chronic HIV care programs. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were taken from all study participants. CD4 cell count was done using standard laboratory method and used as a proxy indicator of immune status. Body mass index (BMI) was correlated with CD4 cell count and receiver operating characteristic curves plotted. Under nutrition was of critical health concern among HIV infected antiretroviral naïve adults. The study showed a 27% prevalence of wasting with significantly variation by sex. More women were malnourished than men. There was significant association between wasting and immune suppression. However, the sensitivity and specificity of wasting to predict stages of immune suppression was low. HIV infected individuals need special attention for nutrition monitoring, counselling and support.
| Published in | International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 4, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21 |
| Page(s) | 486-492 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Under Nutrition, HIV, Immunity
| [1] | Koethe JR, Heimburger DC. Nutritional aspects of HIV-associated wasting in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1138S-1142S. |
| [2] | Peter Katona, Judit Katona. The Interaction between Nutrition and Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46:1582-1588. |
| [3] | Burgin J, Nichols S, Dalrymple N. The nutritional status of clinical attendees living with HIV/AIDS in St. Vicente and Grenadines. West Indian Med J 2008, 57:438-443. |
| [4] | Ludy MJ, Hendricks K, Houser R, Chetchotisad P, Anunnatsiri S. Body composition in adults infected with human immunodeficiency vírus in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:815-819. |
| [5] | L. Salomon J, Truchis P, Melchior JC. Nutrition and HIV infection. Br J Nutr 2002, 87: 111-119. |
| [6] | Melchior JC, Salmon D, Rigaud D, Leport C, Bouvet E, Detruchis P, et al. Resting energy expenditure is increased in stable, malnourished HIV infected patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 53(2):437-41. |
| [7] | Melchior JC, Raguin G, Boulier A, Bouvet E, Rigaud D, Matheron S, et al. Resting energy expenditure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: comparison between patients with and without secondary infections. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57(5):614-9. |
| [8] | Dannhauser A, van Staden AM, van der Ryst E, Nel M, Marais N, Erasmus E, et al. Nutritional status of HIV-1 seropositive patients in the Free State Province of South Africa: anthropometric and dietary profile. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999, 53:165-73. |
| [9] | Palermo T, Rawat R, Weiser SD, Kadiyala S. 10. Food Access and Diet Quality Are Associated with Quality of Life Outcomes among HIV-Infected Individuals in Uganda. PLoS One. 2013, 8(4):e62353. |
| [10] | Food Assistance Programming in context of HIV. FANTA Project, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC; 2007. |
| [11] | Scrimshaw NS, SanGiovanni JP. Synergism of nutrition, infection, and immunity: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66(2):464S-477S12. |
| [12] | Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA. Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(6):836-42 |
| [13] | A Bussmann H, Wester CW, Ndwapi N, et al. Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana’s National Antiretroviral Treatment Program. AIDS 2008, 22:2303–11. |
| [14] | Tariku M, Kemal Z. Prevalence of malnutrition in HIV infected indioviduals in St. Peter Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Hindai Publishing 2013, 12: 145-151. |
| [15] | Dannhauser A, van Staden AM, van der Ryst E, Nel M, Marais N, Erasmus E, et al. Nutritional status of HIV-1 seropositive patients in the Free State Province of South Africa: anthropometric and dietary profile. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999, 53:165-73. |
| [16] | Zachariah R, Fitzgerald M, Massaquoi M, Pasulani O, Arnould L, Makombe S, et al. Risk factors for high early mortality in patients on antiretroviral treatment in a rural district of Malawi. AIDS 2006, 20:2355-60. |
| [17] | Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, et al. Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA 2006, 296:782–93. |
| [18] | Zachariah R, Fitzgerald M, Massaquoi M, et al. Risk factors for high early mortality in patients on antiretroviral treatment in a rural district of Malawi. AIDS 2006, 20:2355–60. |
| [19] | Johannessen A, Naman E, Ngowi BJ, et al. Predictors of mortality in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in a rural hospital in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8:52–60. |
| [20] | Kotler DP. Wasting syndrome: nutritional support in HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994, 10:931-934. |
| [21] | World Health Organization. Conference on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Evidence, lessons and recommendations for action. Executive summary of a scientific review. Geneva: WHO, 2005. |
| [22] | Somarriba G, Neri D, Schaefer N, Miller LT. The effect of aging, nutrition and exercise during HIV infection. HIV/AIDS. Research and Palliative Care. 2010, 2:191-20. |
| [23] | Zachariah R, Reid SD, Chaillet P, Massaquoi M, Schouten EJ, Harries AD. Viewpoint: why do we need a point-of-care CD4 test for low-income countries? Trop Med Int Health. 2011, 16:37-41. |
| [24] | Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H, Bila K, Izaley L, Kakonde N, et al. Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Africa. Lancet. 1987, 1:492-4. |
| [25] | De Cock KM, Colebunders R, Francis H, Nzilambi N, Laga M, Ryder RW, et al. Evaluation of the WHO clinical case definition for AIDS in rural Zaire. AIDS. 1988, 2:219-21. |
| [26] | Malamba SS, Morgan D, Clayton T, Mayanja B, Okongo M, Whitworth J. The prognostic value of the World Health Organiazation staging system for HIV infection and disease in rural Uganda. AIDS. 1999, 13:255-62. |
| [27] | FANTA publications, Ethiopia Nutrition and HIV Tools: Food and nutrition. The federal democratic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health National Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Implementation Reference Manual. 2008 |
| [28] | FHAPCO. Monthly HIV Care and ART Update: Update as of end of February, 2015. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia web site: www.HAPCO.GOV.et. |
| [29] | Child health and nutrition in Ethiopia. Analysis of EDHS 2011, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013. |
| [30] | Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ICF International, Calverton, Md, USA, 2012 |
APA Style
Shimels Hussien, Ayalew Aklilu, Kumlachew Abate. (2015). Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 4(4), 486-492. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21
ACS Style
Shimels Hussien; Ayalew Aklilu; Kumlachew Abate. Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015, 4(4), 486-492. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21
AMA Style
Shimels Hussien, Ayalew Aklilu, Kumlachew Abate. Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2015;4(4):486-492. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21,
author = {Shimels Hussien and Ayalew Aklilu and Kumlachew Abate},
title = {Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia},
journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
pages = {486-492},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20150404.21},
abstract = {HIV infection and poor nutrition status are interlinked. HIV infected individuals are more vulnerable to under nutrition than the general population. Despite major advances in HIV treatment and survival outcomes, weight loss and wasting remain of significant health concern in people living with HIV. Poor nutritional status in HIV infected individuals is associated with disease progression, increased morbidity and reduced survival even when antiretroviral treatment (ART) is available. HIV and malnutrition have a cumulative effect in weakening the immune system and worsening nutrition status. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of under nutrition (wasting) among HIV infected, antiretroviral naïve adults, and the utility of wasting in predicting immunosuppression in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2014. Institution based, cross sectional study was done on a sample of 395 antiretroviral naïve adults attending chronic HIV care programs. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were taken from all study participants. CD4 cell count was done using standard laboratory method and used as a proxy indicator of immune status. Body mass index (BMI) was correlated with CD4 cell count and receiver operating characteristic curves plotted. Under nutrition was of critical health concern among HIV infected antiretroviral naïve adults. The study showed a 27% prevalence of wasting with significantly variation by sex. More women were malnourished than men. There was significant association between wasting and immune suppression. However, the sensitivity and specificity of wasting to predict stages of immune suppression was low. HIV infected individuals need special attention for nutrition monitoring, counselling and support.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia AU - Shimels Hussien AU - Ayalew Aklilu AU - Kumlachew Abate Y1 - 2015/07/08 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21 DO - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21 T2 - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences JF - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences JO - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences SP - 486 EP - 492 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-2716 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21 AB - HIV infection and poor nutrition status are interlinked. HIV infected individuals are more vulnerable to under nutrition than the general population. Despite major advances in HIV treatment and survival outcomes, weight loss and wasting remain of significant health concern in people living with HIV. Poor nutritional status in HIV infected individuals is associated with disease progression, increased morbidity and reduced survival even when antiretroviral treatment (ART) is available. HIV and malnutrition have a cumulative effect in weakening the immune system and worsening nutrition status. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of under nutrition (wasting) among HIV infected, antiretroviral naïve adults, and the utility of wasting in predicting immunosuppression in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2014. Institution based, cross sectional study was done on a sample of 395 antiretroviral naïve adults attending chronic HIV care programs. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were taken from all study participants. CD4 cell count was done using standard laboratory method and used as a proxy indicator of immune status. Body mass index (BMI) was correlated with CD4 cell count and receiver operating characteristic curves plotted. Under nutrition was of critical health concern among HIV infected antiretroviral naïve adults. The study showed a 27% prevalence of wasting with significantly variation by sex. More women were malnourished than men. There was significant association between wasting and immune suppression. However, the sensitivity and specificity of wasting to predict stages of immune suppression was low. HIV infected individuals need special attention for nutrition monitoring, counselling and support. VL - 4 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: