Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys

Yousri Elghoul; Mohamed Frikha; Nessrine Chaâri; Karim Chamari; Nizar Souissi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys

Yousri Elghoul, Mohamed Frikha, Nessrine Chaâri, Karim Chamari, Nizar Souissi

Published in International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 28 October 2016 Accepted: 9 December 2016 Published: 6 January 2017

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Abstract

This study investigated the impact of task difficulty level and time-pressure on the morning-evening changes in psychomotor performance and perceived difficulty to it among 9–10 years-old boys. Twelve healthy right-handed boys (age = 9.8 ± 0.5 years, height = 144 ± 6.2 cm and body mass = 32.7 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked to throw darts to a target from a short (2m, SD) and long (2.37m, LD) distances, either in free (no time limitation, NC) or time-pressure (TPC) conditions, on nonconsecutive days and in a counter-balanced randomized order. Mean scores, missed darts and variability of scores were recorded and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Intra-aural temperature and perceived difficulty were recorded too. The results showed higher performance in the afternoon than the in the morning, with higher mean scores around the time of maximum oral temperature (p<0.001). The number of missed darts and variability of scores were lower at 17:00 h in comparison with 07:00 h (p<0.05). Perceived difficulty decreased significantly with time-of-day, with greater values at 07:00 h than at 17:00 h (p<0.05). Psychomotor performance was better in the afternoon than the morning. It seems that, in the early morning, children are less sensitive to the increased level of difficulty when under time-pressure than when throwing a greater distance from the target.

Published in	International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
Page(s)	28-34
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Circadian Rhythm, Difficulty Level, Psychomotor Performance, Perceived Difficulty, Time Pressure

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Yousri Elghoul, Mohamed Frikha, Nessrine Chaâri, Karim Chamari, Nizar Souissi. (2017). Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 1(3), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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ACS Style

Yousri Elghoul; Mohamed Frikha; Nessrine Chaâri; Karim Chamari; Nizar Souissi. Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. Int. J. Sports Sci. Phys. Educ. 2017, 1(3), 28-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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AMA Style

Yousri Elghoul, Mohamed Frikha, Nessrine Chaâri, Karim Chamari, Nizar Souissi. Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. Int J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2017;1(3):28-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11,
  author = {Yousri Elghoul and Mohamed Frikha and Nessrine Chaâri and Karim Chamari and Nizar Souissi},
  title = {Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys},
  journal = {International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {28-34},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  abstract = {This study investigated the impact of task difficulty level and time-pressure on the morning-evening changes in psychomotor performance and perceived difficulty to it among 9–10 years-old boys. Twelve healthy right-handed boys (age = 9.8 ± 0.5 years, height = 144 ± 6.2 cm and body mass = 32.7 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked to throw darts to a target from a short (2m, SD) and long (2.37m, LD) distances, either in free (no time limitation, NC) or time-pressure (TPC) conditions, on nonconsecutive days and in a counter-balanced randomized order. Mean scores, missed darts and variability of scores were recorded and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Intra-aural temperature and perceived difficulty were recorded too. The results showed higher performance in the afternoon than the in the morning, with higher mean scores around the time of maximum oral temperature (p<0.001). The number of missed darts and variability of scores were lower at 17:00 h in comparison with 07:00 h (p<0.05). Perceived difficulty decreased significantly with time-of-day, with greater values at 07:00 h than at 17:00 h (p<0.05). Psychomotor performance was better in the afternoon than the morning. It seems that, in the early morning, children are less sensitive to the increased level of difficulty when under time-pressure than when throwing a greater distance from the target.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys
AU  - Yousri Elghoul
AU  - Mohamed Frikha
AU  - Nessrine Chaâri
AU  - Karim Chamari
AU  - Nizar Souissi
Y1  - 2017/01/06
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
T2  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JF  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JO  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
SP  - 28
EP  - 34
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1611
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
AB  - This study investigated the impact of task difficulty level and time-pressure on the morning-evening changes in psychomotor performance and perceived difficulty to it among 9–10 years-old boys. Twelve healthy right-handed boys (age = 9.8 ± 0.5 years, height = 144 ± 6.2 cm and body mass = 32.7 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked to throw darts to a target from a short (2m, SD) and long (2.37m, LD) distances, either in free (no time limitation, NC) or time-pressure (TPC) conditions, on nonconsecutive days and in a counter-balanced randomized order. Mean scores, missed darts and variability of scores were recorded and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Intra-aural temperature and perceived difficulty were recorded too. The results showed higher performance in the afternoon than the in the morning, with higher mean scores around the time of maximum oral temperature (p<0.001). The number of missed darts and variability of scores were lower at 17:00 h in comparison with 07:00 h (p<0.05). Perceived difficulty decreased significantly with time-of-day, with greater values at 07:00 h than at 17:00 h (p<0.05). Psychomotor performance was better in the afternoon than the morning. It seems that, in the early morning, children are less sensitive to the increased level of difficulty when under time-pressure than when throwing a greater distance from the target.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Yousri Elghoul

High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
Mohamed Frikha

King Faisal University, Department of Physical Education, Al Hufūf, KSA
Nessrine Chaâri
Karim Chamari

Aspetar - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha, Doha, Qatar
Nizar Souissi

Research Laboratory ‘‘Sports Performance Optimization’’ National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia

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Yousri Elghoul, Mohamed Frikha, Nessrine Chaâri, Karim Chamari, Nizar Souissi. (2017). Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education, 1(3), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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ACS Style

Yousri Elghoul; Mohamed Frikha; Nessrine Chaâri; Karim Chamari; Nizar Souissi. Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. Int. J. Sports Sci. Phys. Educ. 2017, 1(3), 28-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

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AMA Style

Yousri Elghoul, Mohamed Frikha, Nessrine Chaâri, Karim Chamari, Nizar Souissi. Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys. Int J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2017;1(3):28-34. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11,
  author = {Yousri Elghoul and Mohamed Frikha and Nessrine Chaâri and Karim Chamari and Nizar Souissi},
  title = {Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys},
  journal = {International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {28-34},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijsspe.20160103.11},
  abstract = {This study investigated the impact of task difficulty level and time-pressure on the morning-evening changes in psychomotor performance and perceived difficulty to it among 9–10 years-old boys. Twelve healthy right-handed boys (age = 9.8 ± 0.5 years, height = 144 ± 6.2 cm and body mass = 32.7 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked to throw darts to a target from a short (2m, SD) and long (2.37m, LD) distances, either in free (no time limitation, NC) or time-pressure (TPC) conditions, on nonconsecutive days and in a counter-balanced randomized order. Mean scores, missed darts and variability of scores were recorded and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Intra-aural temperature and perceived difficulty were recorded too. The results showed higher performance in the afternoon than the in the morning, with higher mean scores around the time of maximum oral temperature (p<0.001). The number of missed darts and variability of scores were lower at 17:00 h in comparison with 07:00 h (p<0.05). Perceived difficulty decreased significantly with time-of-day, with greater values at 07:00 h than at 17:00 h (p<0.05). Psychomotor performance was better in the afternoon than the morning. It seems that, in the early morning, children are less sensitive to the increased level of difficulty when under time-pressure than when throwing a greater distance from the target.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effect of Difficulty Level and Time-Pressure on the Morning-Evening Differences in Accuracy and Consistency of Throwing Darts Among 9-10 Year-Old Boys
AU  - Yousri Elghoul
AU  - Mohamed Frikha
AU  - Nessrine Chaâri
AU  - Karim Chamari
AU  - Nizar Souissi
Y1  - 2017/01/06
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
T2  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JF  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
JO  - International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
SP  - 28
EP  - 34
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1611
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsspe.20160103.11
AB  - This study investigated the impact of task difficulty level and time-pressure on the morning-evening changes in psychomotor performance and perceived difficulty to it among 9–10 years-old boys. Twelve healthy right-handed boys (age = 9.8 ± 0.5 years, height = 144 ± 6.2 cm and body mass = 32.7 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered to take part in the study. They were asked to throw darts to a target from a short (2m, SD) and long (2.37m, LD) distances, either in free (no time limitation, NC) or time-pressure (TPC) conditions, on nonconsecutive days and in a counter-balanced randomized order. Mean scores, missed darts and variability of scores were recorded and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Intra-aural temperature and perceived difficulty were recorded too. The results showed higher performance in the afternoon than the in the morning, with higher mean scores around the time of maximum oral temperature (p<0.001). The number of missed darts and variability of scores were lower at 17:00 h in comparison with 07:00 h (p<0.05). Perceived difficulty decreased significantly with time-of-day, with greater values at 07:00 h than at 17:00 h (p<0.05). Psychomotor performance was better in the afternoon than the morning. It seems that, in the early morning, children are less sensitive to the increased level of difficulty when under time-pressure than when throwing a greater distance from the target.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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