Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Imeh Edet Essien; Samuel OkonInyang; Nneoyi Egbe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Imeh Edet Essien, Samuel OkonInyang, Nneoyi Egbe

Published in Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 2, Issue 1)

Received: 2 August 2016 Accepted: 29 August 2016 Published: 30 September 2016

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Abstract

This study estimates entrance surface air kerma(ESAK) for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray examinations in selected diagnostic radiology facilities in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Eight (8) facilities in eight hospitals were investigated.Six hundred and thirty threeadult patients who presented for these examinations under study were investigated. Gender distribution shows that 263 (41.5%) were males while 370 (58.5%) were females.For skull examination the calculated ESAK range was between 0.07 to 0.57 mGy for males and females patient respectively, ESAK range of 0.03 to 0.28 mGy for males and females respectively in pelvis examination while in abdominal examination the ESAK for male varied between 0.05 to 1.16 mGy and 0.04 to 0.73 mGy for female patients. Mean organ doses indicate that the eyes absorbed a dose of 10.19 mGy,the gonads absorbed the highest dose, uterus and prostate gland absorbed 0.43 mGy and 0.33 mGy respectively. Liver absorbed 1.51 mGy, ovaries, 2.62 mGy, testes, 0.08 mGy. The meaneffective dose (ED) range of 0.02 - 0.11 mSv in skull examination while ED for pelvis and abdomen examinations ranges are (0.07 - 0.52) mSv and (0.78 - 5.37) mSv respectively. The evaluated cancer incidence and mortality risks were very low and minimal.

Published in	Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
Page(s)	6-12
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diagnostic Radiologic Facilities, Skull, Pelvis, Abdomen, Entrance Surface Air Kerma, Body Organ Dose and Effective Dose

References

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APA Style

Imeh Edet Essien, Samuel OkonInyang, Nneoyi Egbe. (2016). Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 2(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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ACS Style

Imeh Edet Essien; Samuel OkonInyang; Nneoyi Egbe. Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2016, 2(1), 6-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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AMA Style

Imeh Edet Essien, Samuel OkonInyang, Nneoyi Egbe. Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2016;2(1):6-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12,
  author = {Imeh Edet Essien and Samuel OkonInyang and Nneoyi Egbe},
  title = {Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20160201.12},
  abstract = {This study estimates entrance surface air kerma(ESAK) for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray examinations in selected diagnostic radiology facilities in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Eight (8) facilities in eight hospitals were investigated.Six hundred and thirty threeadult patients who presented for these examinations under study were investigated. Gender distribution shows that 263 (41.5%) were males while 370 (58.5%) were females.For skull examination the calculated ESAK range was between 0.07 to 0.57 mGy for males and females patient respectively, ESAK range of 0.03 to 0.28 mGy for males and females respectively in pelvis examination while in abdominal examination the ESAK for male varied between 0.05 to 1.16 mGy and 0.04 to 0.73 mGy for female patients. Mean organ doses indicate that the eyes absorbed a dose of 10.19 mGy,the gonads absorbed the highest dose, uterus and prostate gland absorbed 0.43 mGy and 0.33 mGy respectively. Liver absorbed 1.51 mGy, ovaries, 2.62 mGy, testes, 0.08 mGy. The meaneffective dose (ED) range of 0.02 - 0.11 mSv in skull examination while ED for pelvis and abdomen examinations ranges are (0.07 - 0.52) mSv and (0.78 - 5.37) mSv respectively. The evaluated cancer incidence and mortality risks were very low and minimal.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Imeh Edet Essien
AU  - Samuel OkonInyang
AU  - Nneoyi Egbe
Y1  - 2016/09/30
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 6
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
AB  - This study estimates entrance surface air kerma(ESAK) for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray examinations in selected diagnostic radiology facilities in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Eight (8) facilities in eight hospitals were investigated.Six hundred and thirty threeadult patients who presented for these examinations under study were investigated. Gender distribution shows that 263 (41.5%) were males while 370 (58.5%) were females.For skull examination the calculated ESAK range was between 0.07 to 0.57 mGy for males and females patient respectively, ESAK range of 0.03 to 0.28 mGy for males and females respectively in pelvis examination while in abdominal examination the ESAK for male varied between 0.05 to 1.16 mGy and 0.04 to 0.73 mGy for female patients. Mean organ doses indicate that the eyes absorbed a dose of 10.19 mGy,the gonads absorbed the highest dose, uterus and prostate gland absorbed 0.43 mGy and 0.33 mGy respectively. Liver absorbed 1.51 mGy, ovaries, 2.62 mGy, testes, 0.08 mGy. The meaneffective dose (ED) range of 0.02 - 0.11 mSv in skull examination while ED for pelvis and abdomen examinations ranges are (0.07 - 0.52) mSv and (0.78 - 5.37) mSv respectively. The evaluated cancer incidence and mortality risks were very low and minimal.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Imeh Edet Essien

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Samuel OkonInyang

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
Nneoyi Egbe

Department of Radiography, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

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Imeh Edet Essien, Samuel OkonInyang, Nneoyi Egbe. (2016). Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 2(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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ACS Style

Imeh Edet Essien; Samuel OkonInyang; Nneoyi Egbe. Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2016, 2(1), 6-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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AMA Style

Imeh Edet Essien, Samuel OkonInyang, Nneoyi Egbe. Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2016;2(1):6-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12,
  author = {Imeh Edet Essien and Samuel OkonInyang and Nneoyi Egbe},
  title = {Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20160201.12},
  abstract = {This study estimates entrance surface air kerma(ESAK) for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray examinations in selected diagnostic radiology facilities in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Eight (8) facilities in eight hospitals were investigated.Six hundred and thirty threeadult patients who presented for these examinations under study were investigated. Gender distribution shows that 263 (41.5%) were males while 370 (58.5%) were females.For skull examination the calculated ESAK range was between 0.07 to 0.57 mGy for males and females patient respectively, ESAK range of 0.03 to 0.28 mGy for males and females respectively in pelvis examination while in abdominal examination the ESAK for male varied between 0.05 to 1.16 mGy and 0.04 to 0.73 mGy for female patients. Mean organ doses indicate that the eyes absorbed a dose of 10.19 mGy,the gonads absorbed the highest dose, uterus and prostate gland absorbed 0.43 mGy and 0.33 mGy respectively. Liver absorbed 1.51 mGy, ovaries, 2.62 mGy, testes, 0.08 mGy. The meaneffective dose (ED) range of 0.02 - 0.11 mSv in skull examination while ED for pelvis and abdomen examinations ranges are (0.07 - 0.52) mSv and (0.78 - 5.37) mSv respectively. The evaluated cancer incidence and mortality risks were very low and minimal.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Entrance Surface Air Kerma for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray Examinations in Some Diagnostic Radiology Facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
AU  - Imeh Edet Essien
AU  - Samuel OkonInyang
AU  - Nneoyi Egbe
Y1  - 2016/09/30
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 6
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20160201.12
AB  - This study estimates entrance surface air kerma(ESAK) for Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen X-ray examinations in selected diagnostic radiology facilities in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria.Eight (8) facilities in eight hospitals were investigated.Six hundred and thirty threeadult patients who presented for these examinations under study were investigated. Gender distribution shows that 263 (41.5%) were males while 370 (58.5%) were females.For skull examination the calculated ESAK range was between 0.07 to 0.57 mGy for males and females patient respectively, ESAK range of 0.03 to 0.28 mGy for males and females respectively in pelvis examination while in abdominal examination the ESAK for male varied between 0.05 to 1.16 mGy and 0.04 to 0.73 mGy for female patients. Mean organ doses indicate that the eyes absorbed a dose of 10.19 mGy,the gonads absorbed the highest dose, uterus and prostate gland absorbed 0.43 mGy and 0.33 mGy respectively. Liver absorbed 1.51 mGy, ovaries, 2.62 mGy, testes, 0.08 mGy. The meaneffective dose (ED) range of 0.02 - 0.11 mSv in skull examination while ED for pelvis and abdomen examinations ranges are (0.07 - 0.52) mSv and (0.78 - 5.37) mSv respectively. The evaluated cancer incidence and mortality risks were very low and minimal.
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
ER  -

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