Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (<i>Dacryodes edulis</i>) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process

Akpan Uwem Isong; Akpabio Ukana Davies; Owhoeke Elechi; Ekpo Idongesit Effiong

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process

Akpan Uwem Isong, Akpabio Ukana Davies, Owhoeke Elechi, Ekpo Idongesit Effiong

Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 15 December 2020 Accepted: 29 December 2020 Published: 18 January 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study examines the synthesis of biodiesel from African pear oil using catalyst assisted transesterification (One-step) process. The D. edulis used in this study were obtained from Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The pulp oil was extracted and subjected to physicochemical analysis and gas chromatography was used to check the free fatty acid content. The yield of the oil was 47% which is highly significant. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the oil extract showed free fatty acid content as palmitic acid 26.41%, stearic acid 24.56%, oleic acid 2.20% and others 46.83% for the pulp. The physicochemical parameter of synthesized oil revealed density; 0.98 ± 6.01 mg/dm³, saponification number; 199.16 ± 6.09 mgKOH/g, acid number; 1.85 ± 0.08 mgKOH/g, iodine number; 74.98 ± 2.83 wijs, and peroxide value; 11.80 ± 0.29 mEq/kg. The African pear showed almost same level of saturation and unsaturation. Biodiesel yield of the pulp oil attained optimum yield of 87% at the oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 60°C. The properties of the produced biodiesel were specific gravity 0.89 ± 0.12, kinematic viscosity was 2.80 ± 0.14 mm²/s, water and sediment 0.020 ± 0.0021%, the acid number was 0.15 ± 0.020 mgKOH/g, cetane number 63, pour point -13°C, flash point 137°C and sulphur contents 0.02%m/m. These values were within standards for petrodiesel. It therefore shows that the D. edulis oil could serve as a good source of feedstock for biodiesel synthesis.

Published in	World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12
Page(s)	65-69
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biodiesel, African Pear, Free Fatty Acid, Transesterification, Physicochemical Properties

References

[1]	Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S. & Tiffany, D. (2006). Environmental, economic, and energetic costs benefits of diesel and ethanol biofuels. Proceedings of National Academy of science, USA 103, 11206-11210.
[2]	Marshall, A. T. (2007). Bioenergy from waste: A growing source of power, waste management. World magazine, April, p 34-37.
[3]	Meher, L., Sagar, D., & Naik S. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10, 248-268.
[4]	Ogunsuyi, H. O. (2012). Acid and base catalysed transesterification of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Seed Oil to Biodiesel. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2 (2): 18-22.
[5]	Mukhtar, N. A. M., et al., (2019). “The influence of formulation ratio and emulsifying settings on tri-fuel (Diesel–Ethanol–Biodiesel) emulsion properties. Energies 12 (9), 1708.
[6]	Mehlenbacher, V. C. (1960). The analysis of fats and oils. The Gerrard Press Limited, Illinois.
[7]	Thushari, I. & Babel, S. (2018). Sustainable utilization of waste palm oil and sulfonated carbon catalyst derived from Coconut meal residue for biodiesel production. Bioresources and Technology, 248, 199–203.
[8]	Ogunsuyi HO, Daramola BM (2013). Evaluation of Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Seed Oil as Viable Feedstock for Biodiesel Fuel. International Journal of Biotechnological Research, 1 (8): 120-127.
[9]	Rashid U, Farooq A, Gerhard K (2009). Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 90 (9): 1157-1163.
[10]	Obasi N. B. B, Okolie NP (1993), Nutritional constituents of the seeds of African pear, Dacryodes edulis. Food Chemistry, 46 (3): 297-299.
[11]	Codex Alimentarius. (1999). Codex Alimentarius Standards for Fats and oils from Vegetable Sources. Section 2. Codex alimentarius Standards for Named Vegetrable oils. Codex Alimentarius-Stan. 210.
[12]	Pearson D. (1976). The chemical analysis of foods 7th Eden, Churchill Livingstone, London, 133p.
[13]	Rethinam, P. (2003). New Approaches to Coconut oils and fats. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 19 (2): 22-25.
[14]	Al-Widyan, M. L. and Al-Shyoukh, A. O. (2002). Experimental evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel. Bioresources and Technolology 85 (3): 253-256.
[15]	N’guetta, A. M. N., Digbeu, D. Y., Binaté, S., Kouadio, N. E. P. J., Dabonné, S. and Dué, A. E. (2015). Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Four Varieties of Citrullus lanatus Seed Oils Cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. British Biotechnology Journal. 5 (3): 140-147.
[16]	Leung, D. Y. C. and Guo, Y. (2006). Transesterification of meat and used frying oil; Optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Process and Technology. 87: 883-890.
[17]	Ibeto, C. N., Ofoefule, A. U. and Ezeugwu, H. C. (2011). Fuel Quality Assessment of Biodiesel Produced from Groundnut Oil (Arachis Hypogea) and its blend with Petroleum Diesel. American Journal of Food Technology. 6 (9): 798-803.
[18]	Galadima, A., Garba, Z. N. & Ibrahim, B. M. (2008). Homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification of grounnut oil for synthesizing methyl biodiesel’, International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2; 138–144.
[19]	Ishola, F., Adelekan, D., Mamudu, A., Abodunrin, T., Aworinde, A., Olatunji, O. & Akinlabi, S. (2020). Biodiesel production from palm olein: A sustainable bioresource for Nigeria. Heliyon, 6, 1-12.
[20]	Alkabbashi, A. N., Alam, M. Z. and Mirghani, M. E. S. and Al-Fusaiel, A. M. A. (2009). Biodiesel Production from crude palm oil by transesterification process. Journal of Applied Sciences. 9: 3166-3170.
[21]	US Department of Energy. (2004). Biodiesel: Handling and use guidelines. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy. 667p.
[22]	Giakoumis, Evangelos G. & Sarakatsanis, Christos K., (2019). A comparative assessment of biodiesel cetane number predictive correlations based on fatty acid composition. Energies, 12 (3), 422.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Akpan Uwem Isong, Akpabio Ukana Davies, Owhoeke Elechi, Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. (2021). Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 5(4), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Akpan Uwem Isong; Akpabio Ukana Davies; Owhoeke Elechi; Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 5(4), 65-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Akpan Uwem Isong, Akpabio Ukana Davies, Owhoeke Elechi, Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World J Appl Chem. 2021;5(4):65-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12,
  author = {Akpan Uwem Isong and Akpabio Ukana Davies and Owhoeke Elechi and Ekpo Idongesit Effiong},
  title = {Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {65-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20200504.12},
  abstract = {This study examines the synthesis of biodiesel from African pear oil using catalyst assisted transesterification (One-step) process. The D. edulis used in this study were obtained from Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The pulp oil was extracted and subjected to physicochemical analysis and gas chromatography was used to check the free fatty acid content. The yield of the oil was 47% which is highly significant. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the oil extract showed free fatty acid content as palmitic acid 26.41%, stearic acid 24.56%, oleic acid 2.20% and others 46.83% for the pulp. The physicochemical parameter of synthesized oil revealed density; 0.98 ± 6.01 mg/dm3, saponification number; 199.16 ± 6.09 mgKOH/g, acid number; 1.85 ± 0.08 mgKOH/g, iodine number; 74.98 ± 2.83 wijs, and peroxide value; 11.80 ± 0.29 mEq/kg. The African pear showed almost same level of saturation and unsaturation. Biodiesel yield of the pulp oil attained optimum yield of 87% at the oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 60°C. The properties of the produced biodiesel were specific gravity 0.89 ± 0.12, kinematic viscosity was 2.80 ± 0.14 mm2/s, water and sediment 0.020 ± 0.0021%, the acid number was 0.15 ± 0.020 mgKOH/g, cetane number 63, pour point -13°C, flash point 137°C and sulphur contents 0.02%m/m. These values were within standards for petrodiesel. It therefore shows that the D. edulis oil could serve as a good source of feedstock for biodiesel synthesis.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process
AU - Akpan Uwem Isong
AU - Akpabio Ukana Davies
AU - Owhoeke Elechi
AU - Ekpo Idongesit Effiong
Y1 - 2021/01/18
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12
DO - 10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12
T2 - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP - 65
EP - 69
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2637-5982
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12
AB - This study examines the synthesis of biodiesel from African pear oil using catalyst assisted transesterification (One-step) process. The D. edulis used in this study were obtained from Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The pulp oil was extracted and subjected to physicochemical analysis and gas chromatography was used to check the free fatty acid content. The yield of the oil was 47% which is highly significant. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the oil extract showed free fatty acid content as palmitic acid 26.41%, stearic acid 24.56%, oleic acid 2.20% and others 46.83% for the pulp. The physicochemical parameter of synthesized oil revealed density; 0.98 ± 6.01 mg/dm3, saponification number; 199.16 ± 6.09 mgKOH/g, acid number; 1.85 ± 0.08 mgKOH/g, iodine number; 74.98 ± 2.83 wijs, and peroxide value; 11.80 ± 0.29 mEq/kg. The African pear showed almost same level of saturation and unsaturation. Biodiesel yield of the pulp oil attained optimum yield of 87% at the oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 60°C. The properties of the produced biodiesel were specific gravity 0.89 ± 0.12, kinematic viscosity was 2.80 ± 0.14 mm2/s, water and sediment 0.020 ± 0.0021%, the acid number was 0.15 ± 0.020 mgKOH/g, cetane number 63, pour point -13°C, flash point 137°C and sulphur contents 0.02%m/m. These values were within standards for petrodiesel. It therefore shows that the D. edulis oil could serve as a good source of feedstock for biodiesel synthesis.
VL - 5
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Akpan Uwem Isong

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Akpabio Ukana Davies

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Owhoeke Elechi

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Ekpo Idongesit Effiong

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Akpan Uwem Isong, Akpabio Ukana Davies, Owhoeke Elechi, Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. (2021). Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 5(4), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Akpan Uwem Isong; Akpabio Ukana Davies; Owhoeke Elechi; Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 5(4), 65-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Akpan Uwem Isong, Akpabio Ukana Davies, Owhoeke Elechi, Ekpo Idongesit Effiong. Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process. World J Appl Chem. 2021;5(4):65-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12,
  author = {Akpan Uwem Isong and Akpabio Ukana Davies and Owhoeke Elechi and Ekpo Idongesit Effiong},
  title = {Biodiesel Synthesis from African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) Oil Using Catalyst Assisted Transesterification Process},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {65-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20200504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20200504.12},
  abstract = {This study examines the synthesis of biodiesel from African pear oil using catalyst assisted transesterification (One-step) process. The D. edulis used in this study were obtained from Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The pulp oil was extracted and subjected to physicochemical analysis and gas chromatography was used to check the free fatty acid content. The yield of the oil was 47% which is highly significant. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the oil extract showed free fatty acid content as palmitic acid 26.41%, stearic acid 24.56%, oleic acid 2.20% and others 46.83% for the pulp. The physicochemical parameter of synthesized oil revealed density; 0.98 ± 6.01 mg/dm3, saponification number; 199.16 ± 6.09 mgKOH/g, acid number; 1.85 ± 0.08 mgKOH/g, iodine number; 74.98 ± 2.83 wijs, and peroxide value; 11.80 ± 0.29 mEq/kg. The African pear showed almost same level of saturation and unsaturation. Biodiesel yield of the pulp oil attained optimum yield of 87% at the oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 and temperature of 60°C. The properties of the produced biodiesel were specific gravity 0.89 ± 0.12, kinematic viscosity was 2.80 ± 0.14 mm2/s, water and sediment 0.020 ± 0.0021%, the acid number was 0.15 ± 0.020 mgKOH/g, cetane number 63, pour point -13°C, flash point 137°C and sulphur contents 0.02%m/m. These values were within standards for petrodiesel. It therefore shows that the D. edulis oil could serve as a good source of feedstock for biodiesel synthesis.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download