Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy

Jiarui Xue; Xiaoqian Ji; Yan Yu; Changfan Wu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

| Peer-Reviewed

Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy

Jiarui Xue, Xiaoqian Ji, Yan Yu, Changfan Wu

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 24 January 2021 Accepted: 10 February 2021 Published: 23 February 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P <0.001, R² = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P < 0.001, R² = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.

Published in	International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14
Page(s)	22-28
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness; Intraocular Pressure; Spherical Equivalent; Young Myopic Eyes

References

[1]	Holden, B. A., T. R. Fricke, D. A. Wilson, M. Jong, K. S. Naidoo, P. Sankaridurg, T. Y. Wong, T. J. Naduvilath, and S. Resnikoff, Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 2016. 123 (5): p. 1036-42.
[2]	He, M., Y. Zheng, and F. Xiang, Prevalence of myopia in urban and rural children in mainland China. Optom Vis Sci, 2009. 86 (1): p. 40-4.
[3]	Chen, M., A. Wu, L. Zhang, W. Wang, X. Chen, X. Yu, and K. Wang, The increasing prevalence of myopia and high myopia among high school students in Fenghua city, eastern China: a 15-year population-based survey. BMC Ophthalmol, 2018. 18 (1): p. 159.
[4]	Saw, S. M., G. Gazzard, E. C. Shih-Yen, and W. H. Chua, Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2005. 25 (5): p. 381-91.
[5]	Lai, T. Y., D. S. Fan, W. W. Lai, and D. S. Lam, Peripheral and posterior pole retinal lesions in association with high myopia: a cross-sectional community-based study in Hong Kong. Eye (Lond), 2008. 22 (2): p. 209-13.
[6]	Nickla, D. L. and J. Wallman, The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2010. 29 (2): p. 144-68.
[7]	Spaide, R. F., H. Koizumi, and M. C. Pozzoni, Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008. 146 (4): p. 496-500.
[8]	Fujiwara, T., Y. Imamura, R. Margolis, J. S. Slakter, and R. F. Spaide, Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol, 2009. 148 (3): p. 445-50.
[9]	Deng, J., X. Li, J. Jin, B. Zhang, J. Zhu, H. Zou, X. Xu, J. Xie, L. Wang, S. Zhu, and X. He, Distribution Pattern of Choroidal Thickness at the Posterior Pole in Chinese Children With Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018. 59 (3): p. 1577-1586.
[10]	Wei, W. B., L. Xu, J. B. Jonas, L. Shao, K. F. Du, S. Wang, C. X. Chen, J. Xu, Y. X. Wang, J. Q. Zhou, and Q. S. You, Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology, 2013. 120 (1): p. 175-80.
[11]	Qi, Y., L. Li, and F. Zhang, Choroidal Thickness in Chinese Children Aged 8 to 11 Years with Mild and Moderate Myopia. J Ophthalmol, 2018. 2018: p. 7270127.
[12]	Wang, S., Y. Wang, X. Gao, N. Qian, and Y. Zhuo, Choroidal thickness and high myopia: a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol, 2015. 15: p. 70.
[13]	Zhang, Q., M. Neitz, J. Neitz, and R. K. Wang, Geographic mapping of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes using 1050-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J Innov Opt Health Sci, 2015. 8 (4): p. 1550012.
[14]	Li, X. Q., M. Larsen, and I. C. Munch, Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011. 52 (11): p. 8438-41.
[15]	Hsu, C. C., S. J. Chen, A. F. Li, and F. L. Lee, Systolic blood pressure, choroidal thickness, and axial length in patients with myopic maculopathy. J Chin Med Assoc, 2014. 77 (9): p. 487-91.
[16]	Zhang, J. M., J. F. Wu, J. H. Chen, L. Wang, T. L. Lu, W. Sun, Y. Y. Hu, W. J. Jiang, D. D. Guo, X. R. Wang, H. S. Bi, and J. B. Jonas, Macular Choroidal Thickness in Children: The Shandong Children Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2015. 56 (13): p. 7646-52.
[17]	Harb, E., L. Hyman, J. Gwiazda, W. Marsh-Tootle, Q. Zhang, W. Hou, T. T. Norton, K. Weise, K. Dirkes, L. M. Zangwill, and C. S. Group, Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015. 160 (1): p. 62-71 e2.
[18]	Kim, M., S. S. Kim, H. J. Kwon, H. J. Koh, and S. C. Lee, Association between choroidal thickness and ocular perfusion pressure in young, healthy subjects: enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012. 53 (12): p. 7710-7.
[19]	Tan, C. S., K. X. Cheong, L. W. Lim, and K. Z. Li, Topographic variation of choroidal and retinal thicknesses at the macula in healthy adults. Br J Ophthalmol, 2014. 98 (3): p. 339-44.
[20]	Duan, F., Z. Yuan, J. Deng, Y. L. Wong, A. C. Yeo, and X. Chen, Choroidal Thickness and Associated Factors among Adult Myopia: A Baseline Report from a Medical University Student Cohort. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 2019: p. 1-7.
[21]	Ikuno, Y., K. Kawaguchi, T. Nouchi, and Y. Yasuno, Choroidal thickness in healthy Japanese subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010. 51 (4): p. 2173-6.
[22]	Liu, B., Y. Wang, T. Li, Y. Lin, W. Ma, X. Chen, C. Lyu, Y. Li, and L. Lu, Correlation of subfoveal choroidal thickness with axial length, refractive error, and age in adult highly myopic eyes. BMC Ophthalmol, 2018. 18 (1): p. 127.
[23]	Ho, M., D. T. Liu, V. C. Chan, and D. S. Lam, Choroidal thickness measurement in myopic eyes by enhanced depth optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology, 2013. 120 (9): p. 1909-14.
[24]	Maul, E. A., D. S. Friedman, D. S. Chang, M. V. Boland, P. Y. Ramulu, H. D. Jampel, and H. A. Quigley, Choroidal thickness measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography: factors affecting thickness in glaucoma patients. Ophthalmology, 2011. 118 (8): p. 1571-9.
[25]	Polak, K., E. Polska, A. Luksch, G. Dorner, G. Fuchsjager-Mayrl, O. Findl, H. G. Eichler, M. Wolzt, and L. Schmetterer, Choroidal blood flow and arterial blood pressure. Eye (Lond), 2003. 17 (1): p. 84-8.
[26]	Yilmaz, I., A. Ozkaya, M. Kocamaz, S. Ahmet, H. M. Ozkaya, D. Yasa, A. Agca, A. T. Yazici, and A. Demirok, Correlation of Choroidal Thickness and Body Mass Index. Retina, 2015. 35 (10): p. 2085-90.
[27]	Ding, X., J. Li, J. Zeng, W. Ma, R. Liu, T. Li, S. Yu, and S. Tang, Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011. 52 (13): p. 9555-60.
[28]	Chen, W., Z. Wang, X. Zhou, B. Li, and H. Zhang, Choroidal and photoreceptor layer thickness in myopic population. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2012. 22 (4): p. 590-7.
[29]	Shin, J. W., Y. U. Shin, H. Y. Cho, and B. R. Lee, Measurement of choroidal thickness in normal eyes using 3D OCT-1000 spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2012. 26 (4): p. 255-9.
[30]	Xiong, S., X. He, J. Deng, M. Lv, J. Jin, S. Sun, C. Yao, J. Zhu, H. Zou, and X. Xu, Choroidal Thickness in 3001 Chinese Children Aged 6 to 19 Years Using Swept-Source OCT. Sci Rep, 2017. 7: p. 45059.
[31]	Ozdogan Erkul, S., Z. Kapran, and O. M. Uyar, Quantitative analysis of subfoveal choroidal thickness using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in normal eyes. Int Ophthalmol, 2014. 34 (1): p. 35-40.
[32]	Hirata, M., A. Tsujikawa, A. Matsumoto, M. Hangai, S. Ooto, K. Yamashiro, M. Akiba, and N. Yoshimura, Macular choroidal thickness and volume in normal subjects measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011. 52 (8): p. 4971-8.
[33]	Pekel, G., S. Acer, R. Yagci, S. Ozdemir, H. Kaya, M. C. Hiraali, and E. N. Cetin, Relationship Between Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness, Ocular Pulse Amplitude, and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Subjects. J Glaucoma, 2016. 25 (7): p. 613-7.
[34]	Wang, W. and X. Zhang, Choroidal thickness and primary open-angle glaucoma: a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014. 55 (9): p. 6007-14.
[35]	Gupta, P., S. M. Saw, C. Y. Cheung, M. J. Girard, J. M. Mari, M. Bhargava, C. Tan, M. Tan, A. Yang, F. Tey, G. Nah, P. Zhao, T. Y. Wong, and C. Y. Cheng, Choroidal thickness and high myopia: a case-control study of young Chinese men in Singapore. Acta Ophthalmol, 2015. 93 (7): p. e585-92.
[36]	Chen, W., H. Song, S. Xie, Q. Han, X. Tang, and Y. Chu, Correlation of macular choroidal thickness with concentrations of aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor in high myopia. Curr Eye Res, 2015. 40 (3): p. 307-13.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jiarui Xue, Xiaoqian Ji, Yan Yu, Changfan Wu. (2021). Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 6(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Jiarui Xue; Xiaoqian Ji; Yan Yu; Changfan Wu. Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021, 6(1), 22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Jiarui Xue, Xiaoqian Ji, Yan Yu, Changfan Wu. Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;6(1):22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14,
  author = {Jiarui Xue and Xiaoqian Ji and Yan Yu and Changfan Wu},
  title = {Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  abstract = {Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P 2 = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P 2 = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy
AU - Jiarui Xue
AU - Xiaoqian Ji
AU - Yan Yu
AU - Changfan Wu
Y1 - 2021/02/23
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14
T2 - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP - 22
EP - 28
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2637-3858
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14
AB - Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P 2 = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P 2 = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.
VL - 6
IS - 1
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Jiarui Xue

Department of Ophthalmology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
Xiaoqian Ji

Department of Ophthalmology, No. 2 People’s Hospital of Fuyang City, Fuyang, China
Yan Yu

Department of Ophthalmology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
Changfan Wu

Department of Ophthalmology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Jiarui Xue, Xiaoqian Ji, Yan Yu, Changfan Wu. (2021). Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 6(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Jiarui Xue; Xiaoqian Ji; Yan Yu; Changfan Wu. Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021, 6(1), 22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Jiarui Xue, Xiaoqian Ji, Yan Yu, Changfan Wu. Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;6(1):22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14,
  author = {Jiarui Xue and Xiaoqian Ji and Yan Yu and Changfan Wu},
  title = {Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-28},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20210601.14},
  abstract = {Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P 2 = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P 2 = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download