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Decorin Inhibits Glucose-induced Lens Epithelial Cell Apoptosis via Suppressing Rac1-p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway
Jingzhi Shao,
Shanshan Du,
Jingjing Wan,
Lirong Zhang,
Fengyan Zhang
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
1-9
Received:
13 January 2021
Accepted:
27 January 2021
Published:
30 January 2021
Abstract: Aim This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of decorin on apoptosis and oxidative stress response upon exposure of human lens epithelial (HLE) cells to high levels of glucose. Methods The HLE cell line (HLEB3) was cultured under various conditions, including normal (5.5 mM) or high glucose (60 mM) medium. Next, 50 nM Decorin was added two hours prior to the addition of high glucose medium. Apoptosis detection was carried out by Western blotting and flow cytometry. Oxidative stress levels were determined by quantifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and rac1 in HLE cells and human lens anterior capsules were evaluated using Western blotting. Knockdown of rac1 and p38 MAPK in HLEB3 cells was achieved using transfection of small-interfering RNAs. Results HLE cells exposed to high levels of glucose underwent oxidative stress and apoptosis, leading to higher proportion of apoptotic cells, ROS generation and a reduction in the bcl/bax ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio, and SOD activity. Additionally, HLEB3 cells exposed to high levels of glucose were found to have increased rac1 and phospho-p38 MAPK. Next, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of rac1 or p38 led to a reduction in high-glucose-stimulated cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, knockdown of rac1 led to a downregulation of p38 MAPK. Interestingly, addition of decorin to HLEB3 cells led to a decrease in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and high-glucose-stimulated induction of rac1 and phospho-p38. Finally, rac1 and p38 levels of capsules were detected to be significantly upregulated in patients with diabetes in comparison to age-matched patients with cataracts. Conclusion The findings indicate that the rac1-p38 pathway plays a role in causing high-glucose-induced injury to the lens epithelial cells. Additionally, these data indicate that decorin can suppress high glucose-stimulated cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress, in part through suppression of the rac1-p38 pathway.
Abstract: Aim This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of decorin on apoptosis and oxidative stress response upon exposure of human lens epithelial (HLE) cells to high levels of glucose. Methods The HLE cell line (HLEB3) was cultured under various conditions, including normal (5.5 mM) or high glucose (60 mM) medium. Next, 50 nM Decorin was added tw...
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Effects of Virtual Reality Head-mounted Displays on Oculomotor Functions
Mosaad Alhassan,
Fatimah Alhamad,
Kholoud Bokhary,
Ali Almustanyir
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
10-16
Received:
23 January 2021
Accepted:
1 February 2021
Published:
9 February 2021
Abstract: Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D) video games played using virtual reality head-mounted displays (VR-HMDs) are becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of this technology may lead to visual symptoms and discomfort by disrupting the normal linkage between the accommodation and vergence systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of playing 3D video games using VR-HMDs on different oculomotor functions (i.e., accommodation and/or vergence system parameters) and to quantify symptoms associated with playing games using VR-HMD technology. Methods: Twenty –six male and female young adults (age range 19–27 years) with normal binocular vision completed this study. Different clinical accommodative and vergence measurements were collected before and after playing 3D video games using a VR-HMD system for 45 minutes. In addition, visual- and non–visual-related symptoms were measured before and after the video game sessions using the standardized Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Results: The majority of accommodative parameters—including negative relative accommodation, accommodative accuracy, and monocular and binocular accommodative facilities—were significantly affected after playing 3D video games. With respect to vergence system measurements, the horizontal negative fusional vergence range at near and vergence facility test outcomes were affected significantly after the 3D video game sessions. Significant increments in different types of symptoms (i.e., visual and nonvisual) were also observed after playing 3D video games using the VR-HMD system. Conclusions: Playing 3D video games using VR-HMD systems can lead to a deterioration of certain oculomotor functions (i.e., accommodative and vergence systems). Players can be expected to experience eyestrain and discomfort after just 45 minutes of playing.
Abstract: Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D) video games played using virtual reality head-mounted displays (VR-HMDs) are becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of this technology may lead to visual symptoms and discomfort by disrupting the normal linkage between the accommodation and vergence systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of play...
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Correlation of Vertical Cup Disc Ratio and Matrix FDT Mean Deviation in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Patients
Nathaniel Godswill Inye,
Pepple Godswill
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
17-21
Received:
18 November 2020
Accepted:
11 December 2020
Published:
10 February 2021
Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between glaucomatous structural change using vertical-cup-disc ratio of the optic nerve head and functional loss measured by Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry. Materials and methods: It was a retrospective observational clinic-based study of 77 newly diagnosed Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) patients from a Private Eye clinic in a suburb of Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. They underwent clinical fundal examination with slit-lamp biomicroscope (Perkin’s slit-lamp) with 90D (Volk) lens; and Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry 24-2 threshold (Humphrey Matrix 800, 2011 Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California). The Vertical-cup-disc-ratio was assessed for each eye and the Mean deviation calculated for each eye. The relationship between VCDR and mean deviation was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient regression analysis. Result: There were 24 males (31.17%) and 53 females (68.83%). The mean age of the patients was 56.65 ± 14.33 years with a range of 37-78 years. The mean VCDR was 0.83±0.09 and 0.78±0.13 for the right and left eyes, respectively while mean FDT mean deviation was -13.99±9.33Db and -11.9.22Db for the right and left eyes, respectively. The VCDR significantly correlated with FDT mean deviation (Pearson Correlation Coefficient, r= -0.923, r2= 0.852, p-value=0.001 for the right eye; r= -0.915, r2=0.836, p-value=0.001 for the left eye. Conclusion: This study shows that at least 80% of VCDR correlated with the Mean deviation of matrix FDT amongst this cohort of POAG patients. it buttresses the fact that clinical evaluation of the optic nerve remains an indispensable tool in glaucoma diagnosis and can use to assess glaucoma severity in resource poor setting where visual field machine is not available.
Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between glaucomatous structural change using vertical-cup-disc ratio of the optic nerve head and functional loss measured by Frequency Doubling Technology perimetry. Materials and methods: It was a retrospective observational clinic-based study of 77 newly diagnosed Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) patients...
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Choroidal Thickness and Correlations with Intraocular Pressure and Spherical Equivalent in Young Myopic Eyes without Maculopathy
Jiarui Xue,
Xiaoqian Ji,
Yan Yu,
Changfan Wu
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
22-28
Received:
24 January 2021
Accepted:
10 February 2021
Published:
23 February 2021
Abstract: Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a variety of pathological changes and a higher risk of blinding complication. Purpose: To identify the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and to determine whether there are associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and spherical equivalent (SE) in young healthy myopes without maculopathy. Methods: A total of 116 young subjects without maculopathy were recruited in this study and underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed for CT measurement and assessment. SFCT, as well as CT at 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior and inferior to fovea were measured. Univariable linear regression analysis and Multiple regression analysis were used to study the correlation between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP. To assess the CT at each location and explore it’s associated factors. Results: The SFCT of high myopes was notably thinner (197.00±35.21 µm) compared with mild myopes (287.05±68.31 µm) and moderate myopes (251.13±64.40µm). For all three groups, CT at 3 mm nasal was the thinnest (195.21±52.43µm, 168.43±59.24µm, 129.56±30.97µm, respectively.) Univariable linear regression analysis indicated that SFCT decreased by 15.49 µm per diopter in myopic refractive change (P <0.001, R2 = 0.146) and decreased by 17.87 µm per 1mmHg increase inintraocular pressure (IOP) (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.440). Multiple regression analysis indicated that there were significantly correlations between SFCT and spherical equivalent (SE) as well as IOP in mild myopes and moderate myopes, but not in high myopes. Conclusions: A significant difference of the CT distribution was found in the centre region among myopes. However, nasal choroid thinning was the most obvious in all myopia groups. SFCT was significantly correlated with IOP and SE in the myopic population. However, the same correlation was not observed in young highly myopic eyes.
Abstract: Background: Refractive error is one of the causes of visual impairment worldwide, among which myopia is the most common. Myopia is prevalent worldwide, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which have myopia prevalence rates of approximately 80-90% and high myopia prevalence rates of 10-20% in young adults. High myopia is closely related to a va...
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Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Resembling Syndrome
Deepesh Arora,
Kanika Gupta,
Ankit Parasher,
Deepak Anthwal,
Niyaaz Ahmad,
Dinesh Sharma
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
29-40
Received:
5 February 2021
Accepted:
14 February 2021
Published:
26 February 2021
Abstract: Background: To present myriad and unique presentation of Vogt-Kayanagi-Harada Disease (VKHD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) resembling syndrome. Methods: This is observational series of four cases of VKH disease with variable unique visual presentation which ranged from blurring of vision, tinnitus, hot flushes on face and abdomen, presence of floaters with hedache, breathlessness and history of weight loss. The patient age ranged from 14-56 years. Symptoms developed acutely ranging from 4-12 weeks. Visual acuity varied from 1/60 to 6/6 on Snellen chart. A detailed ophthalmic evaluation, radio imaging and neuroimaging were done as needed on patients. FFA confirmed disc leakage, subretinal pooling of dye in posterior pole and pin point leaks in three cases. The fourth case revealed dilated capillaries, pin point leaks outside zone of hyperflourescence and presence of leopard spots.USG B-scan in same case showed choroidal thickening and an oval hypointense juxtapappilary lesion. OCT-macula revealed a convex retinal profile, thickening of retinal pigment epithelium choriocapillaries complex, multiple subretinal low reflective areas consisting with serous neurosensory detachment and hyper reflective spots in inner retinal areas consistent with findings suggestive of metastasis. All four patients presented in acute uveitic stage. Barring one patient, three patients had bilateral disease. Incomplete VKH disease was diagnosed in three cases. Metastatic intraocular carcinoma with multiorgan involvement with primary in cervix was diagnosed in one case. Two cases of VKH disease were in remission having responded well to oral steroids and immunesuppresive therapy. One case passed to chronic stage with visual deterioration. One case with multi-organ metastasis went on to receive chemotherapy, brachytherapy, whole body and pelvic radiation. Conclusions: VKH disease has variable presentation and a high degree of suspicion is needed to differentiate it from similar occurring malignant and non-malignant intraocular inflammation. Early staging of VKH disease helps in planning adequate treatment leading to greater improvement in disease outcome and simultaneously preventing progression to chronic stage.
Abstract: Background: To present myriad and unique presentation of Vogt-Kayanagi-Harada Disease (VKHD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) resembling syndrome. Methods: This is observational series of four cases of VKH disease with variable unique visual presentation which ranged from blurring of vision, tinnitus, hot flushes on face and abdomen, presence of floa...
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New Progress in the Study of Convergence Insufficiency
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
41-45
Received:
2 February 2021
Accepted:
20 February 2021
Published:
3 March 2021
Abstract: Convergency insufficiency is typical symptoms such as blurring of distant vision, reexamination of near vision, jumping words and walking while reading, visual fatigue and so on after reading or working closely for a period of time, According to the corresponding symptoms and signs, visual function tests were carried out, such as far and near eye position, accommodative response (BCC), positive relative accommodation (PRA), negative relative accommodation (NRA), near point of convergence (NPC), accommodation amplitude (AMP), etc., The detected visual function data were evaluated according to the normal value of Morgan and Sherad criteria. In daily life, people not only require clear vision, but also pay great attention to the comfort of using eyes, and the convergency insufficiency has become one of the important factors hindering the clarity, persistence and comfort of vision. Making binocular vision system to produce the cognition of regulation, convergence and eye movement through various methods such as optics, psychology and physics, vision therapy improves the application ability of eye vision system, and finally cures visual function problems such as visual fatigue, adjustment and convergence abnormality. We review the incidence, pathogenesis, new progress in the treatment of convergence insufficiency, the mechanism of visual formation and the basic principles of visual training.
Abstract: Convergency insufficiency is typical symptoms such as blurring of distant vision, reexamination of near vision, jumping words and walking while reading, visual fatigue and so on after reading or working closely for a period of time, According to the corresponding symptoms and signs, visual function tests were carried out, such as far and near eye p...
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Effect of Proparacaine Hydrochloride Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface
Xiaofeng Li,
Xuemei Wang,
Yanzi Wang,
Huping Wu,
Cheng Li
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
46-53
Received:
19 February 2021
Accepted:
4 March 2021
Published:
10 March 2021
Abstract: Background: Proparacaine hydrochloride (PH), as a a local anesthetic, is used regularly in ophthalmic surgery and optometry. However, few pieces of research on the ocular surface toxicity of PH eye drops have so far been reported. Purpuse: To evaluate the effect of PH on the ocular surface of mice. Methods: Male C57/BL6 mice were divided into four groups: normal, vehicle-treated, 0.05% PH-treated and 0.5% PH treated 7 days. The clinical indications were tear production, corneal sensitivity, and fluorescein staining. The structure and morphology of the cornea were examined by confocal microscopy; the thickness of the corneal center was examined by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT); and the corneal epithelial microvilli morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to characterize the central corneal morphology. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 10 (K10) was employed to evaluate squamous metaplasia in the corneal epithelium. Results: The results show that topical PH treatment diminished tear production and corneal sensitivity, and increased corneal fluorescein staining scores. Moreover, PH altered the corneal epithelial microvilli morphology, disrupted the epithelial barrier of the cornea, and promoted apoptosis of ocular surface cells. Furthermore, the expression of K10 in the corneal epithelium was found to be increased. Conclusion: Treatment with 0.5% PH caused instability of the tear film, and changes in corneal sensitivity and ocular surface homeostasis.
Abstract: Background: Proparacaine hydrochloride (PH), as a a local anesthetic, is used regularly in ophthalmic surgery and optometry. However, few pieces of research on the ocular surface toxicity of PH eye drops have so far been reported. Purpuse: To evaluate the effect of PH on the ocular surface of mice. Methods: Male C57/BL6 mice were divided into four ...
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The High Prevalence of Narrow Angles and Angle Closure Glaucoma in Eyes with Exfoliation Syndrome
Sharma Ram Lal,
Parmar Ranjit Singh
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
54-58
Received:
14 January 2021
Accepted:
27 January 2021
Published:
12 March 2021
Abstract: Background: Exfoliation syndrome (ES) is characterised by deposition of flakes of fluffy material over the lens and iris, which is commonly associated with glaucoma, though in majority of the patients it is of open angle type but incidence of angle closure glaucoma is higher than general population. Objective: This study was aimed to establish the real association of narrow angles with exfoliation syndrome by comparing it with age related control group to rule out the confounding factor of increasing age for narrow angles. Patients and methods: This was a prospective study carried out among fifty patients above the age of 50 years, who were suffering from exfoliation syndrome. They were compared with another group of 50, age and sex matched patients without exfoliation. The anterior chamber angle configuration were compared between these two groups. In this study the severity of exfoliation were also studied in relation to narrowness of anterior chamber angle and severity was graded based on the extent of distribution of exfoliation. Results: The study found that there was a high (25%) prevalence of occludable angles (grade I, II) in patients with exfoliation syndrome as compared to control group without exfoliation (10%). Among these eyes with occludable angles, 3.2% had totally occluded angle with angle closure glaucoma. The prevalence of open angle glaucoma was (14.2%) and 3.2% eyes with ES had ocular hypertension. The prevalence of occludable angles increase with severity of exfoliation. Conclusion: So this study concludes that angle closure glaucoma and occludable angles are associated with ES apart from open angle glaucoma. The angle tends to be more occludable as the severity of pseudo exfoliation increases.
Abstract: Background: Exfoliation syndrome (ES) is characterised by deposition of flakes of fluffy material over the lens and iris, which is commonly associated with glaucoma, though in majority of the patients it is of open angle type but incidence of angle closure glaucoma is higher than general population. Objective: This study was aimed to establish the ...
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Measurement Errors Induced by Inaccurate Positioning of Ophthalmic Prisms and a Simple Way to Minimize Them
Ping Wang,
Ya Pan,
Jie Zhang,
Dongsheng Yang
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
59-62
Received:
16 February 2021
Accepted:
11 March 2021
Published:
17 March 2021
Abstract: Purpose: Ophthalmic prisms are routinely used to measure ocular deviation. However, large measurement errors could be induced when a prism is not accurately positioned at its calibration position. We report a simple way to minimize the errors. Methods: We measured powers of prisms and plastic prisms at their calibration position and at angles the prism was rotated away from the calibration position. Glass prisms that have power of 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 prism diopters (PD) and plastic prisms that has power of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 PD were used. To minimize the errors, we developed a pair of prism frame so that the prism can always be positioned accurately. Results: We have demonstrated large errors induced by rotating glass prisms and plastic prism away from their calibration position. Larger errors were recorded with glass prisms than with plastic prisms. The measurement errors are significant even with a small angle rotation for a large power glass prism. For instance, a 10-degrees rotation of a 50PD glass prism produces an error of 30PD. However, measurements errors were minimized when the prism frame was used. Conclusion: It suggests that the glass ophthalmic prism should be abandoned and the use of ophthalmic prisms in strabismus measurement should be standardized with assistance of the prism frame.
Abstract: Purpose: Ophthalmic prisms are routinely used to measure ocular deviation. However, large measurement errors could be induced when a prism is not accurately positioned at its calibration position. We report a simple way to minimize the errors. Methods: We measured powers of prisms and plastic prisms at their calibration position and at angles the p...
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Optic Disc Drusen & a Constellation of Other Features of Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Case Report
Yewande Olubunmi Babalola,
Aderonke Mojisola Baiyeroju
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
63-66
Received:
4 March 2021
Accepted:
24 March 2021
Published:
30 March 2021
Abstract: Aim: We describe a case of optic disc drusen in retinitis pigmentosa with a myriad of other ocular associations of retinitis pigmentosa coexisting in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in a Nigerian. Method: This is a case report of a 16 year old who presented top our eye clinic with a 2 year history of poor night vision with an associated history of difficulty seeing far since childhood. The best corrected visual acuity was 6/18 and 6/12 respectively in the right and left eye. Slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed bilateral grade 1 posterior subcapsular cataracts. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy of both eyes revealed vitreous opacities, pale, cupped discs with nasalization of the vessels and yellowish, crystalline deposits at the inferior and superior disc margins. The retina was pale with attenuated vessels, bone spicule pigmentation, atrophic maculopathy and epiretinal membranes bilaterally. Results: An assessment of optic disc drusen, glaucoma, atrophic maculopathy with epiretinal membrane in retinitis pigmentosa was made. The diagnosis of optic disc drusen was confirmed by characteristic ocular B-scan findings. He was commenced on guttae betaxolol BD in both eyes and counselled on the nature of the eye pathology. Conclusion: Optic disc drusen co-exists with retinitis pigmentosa. Though uncommon, optic disc drusen may occur in Africans as seen in our patient. Other ocular associations including myopia, glaucoma and macula lesions like epiretinal membrane and atrophic maculopathy may also be present. The central visual field changes in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa, optic disc drusen and glaucoma may be attributable to all three ocular entities and not just the glaucoma. Prompt diagnosis, follow –up and adequate patient counselling is essential in the management of these patients.
Abstract: Aim: We describe a case of optic disc drusen in retinitis pigmentosa with a myriad of other ocular associations of retinitis pigmentosa coexisting in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in a Nigerian. Method: This is a case report of a 16 year old who presented top our eye clinic with a 2 year history of poor ...
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