In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts of the state Bihar show the occurrence of VL. This is 40-50% of the world cases and 90% of the cases in India. Conversely, information on epidemiology of kala-azar in India remains scanty due to inadequate studies about the various risk factors associated with VL. The present review contributes to the study of the number of cases, deaths, prevalence and incidence caused by VL, spatial distribution, basic epidemiologic features, the vector biology, transmission of the parasite, hosts and most importantly the major risk factors viz. climatic, the physical and biotic factors, the socio-economic conditions, the environmental factors, deforestation due to urbanization, domestic animals and the living standard. For this study we chose five states in India; Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The study period was from 2010-2017. A decreasing trend was observed in the number of incidences, cases and deaths. But on the contrary, the Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis cases (PKDL) showed an increasing trend. The Gram Pradhans (Heads of Villages) and the villagers were also questioned regarding the associated risk factors viz. housing conditions- kaccha (mud) houses, poverty, use of bed nets, cleanliness, damp floors, cooking fuel, vegetation, the rearing of the domestic animals etc. The study suggests that the control measures have been effective in suppressing/eradicating VL but seeing the PKDL trend it also leaves a suspicion that apart from P. argentipus some other flies may also be playing the role as vectors in the transmission of VL. To decrease the transmission of Leishmania donovani and to achieve the goal of total eradication of VL from India in near future, a better understanding of the biology underlying transmission and disease with the major risk factors is the pressing need.
| Published in | American Journal of Entomology (Volume 3, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12 |
| Page(s) | 6-14 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Control Measures, Endemic, India, Incidence, Leishmaniasis, Phlebotomine, Risk Factors
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APA Style
Naveen Samuel Singh, Doris Phillips Singh. (2019). A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India. American Journal of Entomology, 3(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12
ACS Style
Naveen Samuel Singh; Doris Phillips Singh. A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India. Am. J. Entomol. 2019, 3(1), 6-14. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12
AMA Style
Naveen Samuel Singh, Doris Phillips Singh. A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India. Am J Entomol. 2019;3(1):6-14. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12
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Download@article{10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12,
author = {Naveen Samuel Singh and Doris Phillips Singh},
title = {A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India},
journal = {American Journal of Entomology},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {6-14},
doi = {10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aje.20190301.12},
abstract = {In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts of the state Bihar show the occurrence of VL. This is 40-50% of the world cases and 90% of the cases in India. Conversely, information on epidemiology of kala-azar in India remains scanty due to inadequate studies about the various risk factors associated with VL. The present review contributes to the study of the number of cases, deaths, prevalence and incidence caused by VL, spatial distribution, basic epidemiologic features, the vector biology, transmission of the parasite, hosts and most importantly the major risk factors viz. climatic, the physical and biotic factors, the socio-economic conditions, the environmental factors, deforestation due to urbanization, domestic animals and the living standard. For this study we chose five states in India; Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The study period was from 2010-2017. A decreasing trend was observed in the number of incidences, cases and deaths. But on the contrary, the Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis cases (PKDL) showed an increasing trend. The Gram Pradhans (Heads of Villages) and the villagers were also questioned regarding the associated risk factors viz. housing conditions- kaccha (mud) houses, poverty, use of bed nets, cleanliness, damp floors, cooking fuel, vegetation, the rearing of the domestic animals etc. The study suggests that the control measures have been effective in suppressing/eradicating VL but seeing the PKDL trend it also leaves a suspicion that apart from P. argentipus some other flies may also be playing the role as vectors in the transmission of VL. To decrease the transmission of Leishmania donovani and to achieve the goal of total eradication of VL from India in near future, a better understanding of the biology underlying transmission and disease with the major risk factors is the pressing need.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India AU - Naveen Samuel Singh AU - Doris Phillips Singh Y1 - 2019/01/31 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12 DO - 10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12 T2 - American Journal of Entomology JF - American Journal of Entomology JO - American Journal of Entomology SP - 6 EP - 14 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-0537 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20190301.12 AB - In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts of the state Bihar show the occurrence of VL. This is 40-50% of the world cases and 90% of the cases in India. Conversely, information on epidemiology of kala-azar in India remains scanty due to inadequate studies about the various risk factors associated with VL. The present review contributes to the study of the number of cases, deaths, prevalence and incidence caused by VL, spatial distribution, basic epidemiologic features, the vector biology, transmission of the parasite, hosts and most importantly the major risk factors viz. climatic, the physical and biotic factors, the socio-economic conditions, the environmental factors, deforestation due to urbanization, domestic animals and the living standard. For this study we chose five states in India; Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The study period was from 2010-2017. A decreasing trend was observed in the number of incidences, cases and deaths. But on the contrary, the Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis cases (PKDL) showed an increasing trend. The Gram Pradhans (Heads of Villages) and the villagers were also questioned regarding the associated risk factors viz. housing conditions- kaccha (mud) houses, poverty, use of bed nets, cleanliness, damp floors, cooking fuel, vegetation, the rearing of the domestic animals etc. The study suggests that the control measures have been effective in suppressing/eradicating VL but seeing the PKDL trend it also leaves a suspicion that apart from P. argentipus some other flies may also be playing the role as vectors in the transmission of VL. To decrease the transmission of Leishmania donovani and to achieve the goal of total eradication of VL from India in near future, a better understanding of the biology underlying transmission and disease with the major risk factors is the pressing need. VL - 3 IS - 1 ER -
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