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Some Bioecological Peculiarities and Predatories of Myzocallis coryli (Goeze, 1778) and Corylobium avellanae (Schrank, 1801) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Azerbaijan
Nuriyeva Irada Aqaverdi,
Nadirova Gulbaniz Inqilab
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
1-5
Received:
16 November 2018
Accepted:
11 December 2018
Published:
24 January 2019
Abstract: The aim of research was establishing of aphids damaging the hazel trees in Azerbaijan, their entomophaghs, studying of their bioecological abilities. The paper was prepared on the basis of results of researhces carried out in Ismayilli, Gabala and Zagatala districts in 2017-2018. Research was carried out on single hazelnut bushes growing in parks and orchards of Baku and Absheron, and in hazelnut orchards and forests of Ismayilli, Gabala and Zagatala districts in 2017-2018. Field works were carried out twice in a month along the route and each week in the stationaries. In the areas containing 50 hazel bushes 15-20 bushes were surveyed, and 25-30 bushes were surveyed in orchards with more than 100 bushes. Samples for revealing the hazel pests were taken in 10 points in the 20 hectare area. Damage percent, intensity of damage, accurate number of aphids were calculated on 20 bushes. The number of aphids per bush calculated by five-point scale: 0 point means no aphids on the hazelnut, 1 point when there single individuals on leaves, 2 points mean that there are 1-2 colonies and 5-10 aphids per colony, 3 points mean that 50% of leaf blade was occupated and there are more than 20 aphids per collony, 4 point mean that 75% of leaf blade was occupated and there are more than 50 aphids per collony and 5 points mean that aphid colony occupied the whole area of the leaf blade. The populations of the aphids are managed by predators: Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Adalia decempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Oeponia conglobata L., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773), Calvia decemguttata (Linnaeus, 1767), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) from Coccinellidae, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) from Neuroptera, Phyus coryli (Linnaeus, 1758) from Hemiptera, Clanoptilus sp. from Melyridae and Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) from Forficulidae. Chemicals are usually not required. The hazelnut pest Myzocallis coryli was recorded in all studied areas: along Shaki-Zagatala motorway edge, in the Mughanli and Kebeloba villages of Zagatala district and in the Baku-Absheron area. Corylobium avellanae was found along Shaki-Zagatala motorway edge and Mughanli village of Zagatala district. Entomophags Adalia bipunctata, Adalia decempunctata, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis, Chrysoperla carnea, Forficula auricularia also were recorded everyware in studied areas, however Oeponia conglobata, Calvia decemguttata - along Shaki-Zagatala motorway edge, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata – along Shaki-Zagatala motorway edge, Mughanli village of Zagatala district and Phyus coryli, Clanoptilus sp. in the all studied area except Baku-Absheron peninsular.
Abstract: The aim of research was establishing of aphids damaging the hazel trees in Azerbaijan, their entomophaghs, studying of their bioecological abilities. The paper was prepared on the basis of results of researhces carried out in Ismayilli, Gabala and Zagatala districts in 2017-2018. Research was carried out on single hazelnut bushes growing in parks a...
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A Review on Major Risk Factors and Current Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North India
Naveen Samuel Singh,
Doris Phillips Singh
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
6-14
Received:
26 November 2018
Accepted:
2 January 2019
Published:
31 January 2019
Abstract: In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts of the state Bihar show the occurrence of VL. This is 40-50% of the world cases and 90% of the cases in India. Conversely, information on epidemiology of kala-azar in India remains scanty due to inadequate studies about the various risk factors associated with VL. The present review contributes to the study of the number of cases, deaths, prevalence and incidence caused by VL, spatial distribution, basic epidemiologic features, the vector biology, transmission of the parasite, hosts and most importantly the major risk factors viz. climatic, the physical and biotic factors, the socio-economic conditions, the environmental factors, deforestation due to urbanization, domestic animals and the living standard. For this study we chose five states in India; Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The study period was from 2010-2017. A decreasing trend was observed in the number of incidences, cases and deaths. But on the contrary, the Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis cases (PKDL) showed an increasing trend. The Gram Pradhans (Heads of Villages) and the villagers were also questioned regarding the associated risk factors viz. housing conditions- kaccha (mud) houses, poverty, use of bed nets, cleanliness, damp floors, cooking fuel, vegetation, the rearing of the domestic animals etc. The study suggests that the control measures have been effective in suppressing/eradicating VL but seeing the PKDL trend it also leaves a suspicion that apart from P. argentipus some other flies may also be playing the role as vectors in the transmission of VL. To decrease the transmission of Leishmania donovani and to achieve the goal of total eradication of VL from India in near future, a better understanding of the biology underlying transmission and disease with the major risk factors is the pressing need.
Abstract: In India, more than 1,00,000 people are affected every year by Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a chronic and fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasites which are transmitted by infected female sand flies, Phlebotomus argentipes. Ninety percent of total cases of the world are reported from India, Bangladesh and Sudan. Several districts...
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Efficacy of Filter Cake and Triplex Powders Against Three Internally Developing Stored-product Insect Species
Tesfaye Melak Tadesse,
Bhadriraju Subramanyam
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
15-23
Received:
10 January 2019
Accepted:
22 February 2019
Published:
11 March 2019
Abstract: Filter cake and Triplex powders from Ethiopia were applied to maize and wheat in the laboratory to determine efficacy against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae); maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These species are major insect pests associated with stored grain in Ethiopia. Efficacy of the two powders was determined by exposing 20 adults of each species to 100 g of maize and wheat treated with 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg of filter cake, and 0, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10 g/kg of Triplex. Adult mortality was determined 14 d after exposure to untreated and treated grain. Adult progeny production at each species-powder-concentration combination was determined at 42 d. Complete mortality (100%) of R. dominica was achieved on maize treated with 3–5 g/kg of filter cake; however, on maize 100% mortality of S. zeamais, and S. oryzae was not achieved at any of filter cake concentrations. Complete mortality of R. dominica adults was observed on wheat treated with 2–3 g/kg of the filter cake. Complete mortality of S. zeamais and S. oryzae was achieved when adults were exposed to wheat treated with 0.7–3 g/kg of filter cake. Mortality was less than 100% at all Triplex concentrations on maize and wheat for all three species. Adult progeny production of R. dominica was wholly suppressed at filter cake concentrations of 1–5 g/kg on maize, whereas progeny production of S. zeamais and S. oryzae on maize was not entirely suppressed at any of the filter cake concentrations. No progeny of R. dominica was observed on wheat treated with 2–3 g/kg of filter cake. Similarly, progeny production of S. zeamais and S. oryzae was completely suppressed on wheat treated with 3 g/kg of a filter cake. Complete suppression of progeny production of the three species was not achieved at any concentration of Triplex on both maize and wheat. These powders have potential in managing R. dominica, S. zeamais, and S. oryzae infesting maize and wheat.
Abstract: Filter cake and Triplex powders from Ethiopia were applied to maize and wheat in the laboratory to determine efficacy against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae); maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curcul...
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Selection of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Nymphs of Haplaxius crudus (Van Duzee) (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)
Miriam Rosero Guerrero,
Alex Enrique Bustillo Pardey
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2019
Pages:
24-29
Received:
29 January 2019
Accepted:
20 March 2019
Published:
15 May 2019
Abstract: Haplaxius crudus transmits the pathogen that causes Lethal wilt (ML for its name in Spanish), one of the main diseases that affects oil palms in Colombia. In its nymphal stage it feeds from grasses present at the plantations, and adults feed on oil palm leaves. With the objective of controlling the nymphal stage of H. crudus, the effectiveness of the following entomopathogenic nematodes was assessed: Steinernema colombiense, S. websteri, Steinernema sp. 1, Steinernema sp. 2, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis sp. (Gua 31), Heterorhabditis sp. (Gua 236), Heterorhabditis sp. (CPHsp1301) and Heterorhabditis sp. (CPHsp1302). Pathogenicity was assessed under laboratory conditions using Petri dishes with roots of Paspalum virgatum. Virulence was assessed using mesh houses with PVC tubes and plastic trays with P. virgatum. Once the most virulent nematode was selected, three dosage levels were assessed under simulated field conditions, in order to select the most effective dosage. All assessed nematode species were pathogenic to nymphs of H. crudus, and nymph stage IV was the most susceptible stage, with death rates of over 80%. Regarding virulence, there were statistically significant differences among treatments (P≤0.05), producing nematode death rates between 28.3 and 88.2%. Heterorhabditis sp. (CPHsp1301), obtained from the soil of palm plantations, was selected because it caused a mortality rate of 78.4% with at a dosage of 1300 IJ/cm2 in the sprayed area. The results are promising and further research should be performed under commercial oil palm plantation conditions.
Abstract: Haplaxius crudus transmits the pathogen that causes Lethal wilt (ML for its name in Spanish), one of the main diseases that affects oil palms in Colombia. In its nymphal stage it feeds from grasses present at the plantations, and adults feed on oil palm leaves. With the objective of controlling the nymphal stage of H. crudus, the effectiveness of t...
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