Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be a need to discover them with an appropriate measurement tool? This study was conducted to explore specific motives of NASCAR spectators, and develop valid and reliable instrument underlying motivational theories. Participants (N = 650) voluntarily responded to Inventory of Motivation for Auto Racing Spectators (IMARS) in a NASCAR event. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were utilized to explore and confirm the 5-factor (Affiliation, Experience, Gratification, Socialization, and Substance) model with 15 indicators. The statistical analyses revealed acceptable goodness fit indexes of IMARS by the observed data (X2/df = 3/63, GFI = .95, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, RMSR = .036). The validities and internal consistency reliability were examined with satisfactory results. The essential motives were explored in this study and a reliable instrument for utility of NASCAR marketing professionals was produced. The study provided quantitative evidences to support the motivation theories and enriched spectator motivation in sport motivation literatures.
| Published in | American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 7, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11 |
| Page(s) | 78-87 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
NASCAR, Spectator Motivation, Self-determination Theory
| [1] | Humphrey, R. R., & Ruseski, J. E. (2009). Estimates of the dimensions of the sports market in the US. International Journal of Sport Finance, 4 (2), 94-113. |
| [2] | NASCAR. (2012). The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing. Retrieved from www.nascar.com. |
| [3] | Bernthal, M. J., & Regan, T. H. (2004). The economic impact of a NASCAR racetrack on a rural community and region. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13 (1), 26-34. |
| [4] | Schwartz, J. T., Isaacs, J. P., & Carilli, A. M. (2007). An empirical investigation of the efficiency of the NASCAR points competition. Journal of Sports Economics, 8 (6), 633-641. |
| [5] | Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum Publishing. |
| [6] | Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human Behavior. New York: Plenum. |
| [7] | Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). "The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior." Psychological Inquiry, 11 (4), 227-268. |
| [8] | Medic, N., Mack, D. E., Wilson, M., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). The effects of athletic scholarships on motivation in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30 (3), 292-306. |
| [9] | Leidl, D. (2009). Motivation in sport: Bridging historical and contemporary theory through a qualitative approach. International Journal for Sport Science and Coaching 2 (4), 155-175. |
| [10] | Chen, L. (2004). Membership Incentives: Factors affecting individuals’ decisions about participation in athletics-related professional associations. Journal of Sport Management, 18 (4), 143-173. |
| [11] | Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 19 (4), 377-396. |
| [12] | Wann, D. L., Schrader, M. P., & Wilson, A. M. (1999). Sport fan motivation: Questionnaire validation, comparisons by sport and relationship to athletic motivation. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23 (1), 114-139. |
| [13] | Kahle, L. R., Kambara, K. M., & Rose, G. M. (1996). A functional model of fan attendance motivations for college football. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 5 (4), 51-60. |
| [14] | Milne, G. R., & McDonald, M. A. (1999). Sport Marketing: Managing the exchange process. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. |
| [15] | Trail, G. T., & James, J. D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale's psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24 (1), 108-127. |
| [16] | Dwyer, B., & Kim Y. (2011). For love or money: Developing and validating a motivational scale for fantasy football participation. Journal of Sport Management, 25 (2), 75-83. |
| [17] | Kim, Y. K., & Trail, G. (2010). Constrains and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 24 (2), 190-210. |
| [18] | James, J. D., & Ross, S. D. (2004). Comparing sport consumer motivations across multiple sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13 (1), 17-25. |
| [19] | Amato, C. H., Peters, C. L., & Shao, A. T. (2005). An exploratory investigation into NASCAR fan culture. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14 (2), 71-83. |
| [20] | Hugenberg, L., & Hugenberg, B. (2008). NASCAR Fans In Their Own Words. In Hugenberg, L., Aaridakis, P., & Earnheardt, A. (Eds). Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co. |
| [21] | Sartore-Baldwin, M., & Walker, M. (2011). The Process of organizational identity: What are the roles of social responsiveness, organizational image, and identification? Journal of Sport Management, 25 (5), 489-505. |
| [22] | Levin, A. M., Beasley, F., & Gamble, T. (2004). Brand loyalty of NASCAR fans towards: The impact of fan identification. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 6 (1), 11-21. |
| [23] | Allmen, P. V. (2001). Is the reward system in NASCAR efficient? Journal of Sports Economics, 2 (1), 62-79. |
| [24] | Fink, J. S., & Parker, H. M. (2009). Spectator motives: Why do we watch when our favorite team is not playing? Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18 (3), 210-217. |
| [25] | Wann, D. L., Grieve, F. G., Zapalac, R. K., & Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational profiles of sport fans of different sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17 (1), 6-19. |
| [26] | Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. |
| [27] | Finch, W. H., Immecus, J. C., & French, B. F. (2016). Applied Psychometrics with SPSS and AMOS, Information Age Publishing. |
| [28] | Fu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 6 (1), 1-55. |
APA Style
Yayun Liu, Leon Chen, Xiaofen Keating, Mark Still, Shihui Chen. (2019). Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory. American Journal of Sports Science, 7(3), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11
ACS Style
Yayun Liu; Leon Chen; Xiaofen Keating; Mark Still; Shihui Chen. Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2019, 7(3), 78-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11
AMA Style
Yayun Liu, Leon Chen, Xiaofen Keating, Mark Still, Shihui Chen. Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory. Am J Sports Sci. 2019;7(3):78-87. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11,
author = {Yayun Liu and Leon Chen and Xiaofen Keating and Mark Still and Shihui Chen},
title = {Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {78-87},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20190703.11},
abstract = {Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be a need to discover them with an appropriate measurement tool? This study was conducted to explore specific motives of NASCAR spectators, and develop valid and reliable instrument underlying motivational theories. Participants (N = 650) voluntarily responded to Inventory of Motivation for Auto Racing Spectators (IMARS) in a NASCAR event. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were utilized to explore and confirm the 5-factor (Affiliation, Experience, Gratification, Socialization, and Substance) model with 15 indicators. The statistical analyses revealed acceptable goodness fit indexes of IMARS by the observed data (X2/df = 3/63, GFI = .95, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, RMSR = .036). The validities and internal consistency reliability were examined with satisfactory results. The essential motives were explored in this study and a reliable instrument for utility of NASCAR marketing professionals was produced. The study provided quantitative evidences to support the motivation theories and enriched spectator motivation in sport motivation literatures.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Analyzing Motivation Factors for NASCAR Spectators with Self-Determination Theory AU - Yayun Liu AU - Leon Chen AU - Xiaofen Keating AU - Mark Still AU - Shihui Chen Y1 - 2019/07/30 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11 T2 - American Journal of Sports Science JF - American Journal of Sports Science JO - American Journal of Sports Science SP - 78 EP - 87 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8540 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20190703.11 AB - Research in consumer motivation might ignore auto racing sport that features the number one of fan attendance for single sport event in America. What would be the explicit motives to push individuals themselves or the incentives to pull the spectators with attractive benefits of NASCAR events? If motives exist among the NASCAR fans, would there be a need to discover them with an appropriate measurement tool? This study was conducted to explore specific motives of NASCAR spectators, and develop valid and reliable instrument underlying motivational theories. Participants (N = 650) voluntarily responded to Inventory of Motivation for Auto Racing Spectators (IMARS) in a NASCAR event. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were utilized to explore and confirm the 5-factor (Affiliation, Experience, Gratification, Socialization, and Substance) model with 15 indicators. The statistical analyses revealed acceptable goodness fit indexes of IMARS by the observed data (X2/df = 3/63, GFI = .95, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, RMSR = .036). The validities and internal consistency reliability were examined with satisfactory results. The essential motives were explored in this study and a reliable instrument for utility of NASCAR marketing professionals was produced. The study provided quantitative evidences to support the motivation theories and enriched spectator motivation in sport motivation literatures. VL - 7 IS - 3 ER -
Information
Email: