Heterosis is widely used in crop production to increase crop yields and is applied to more crops. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the mechanism of heterosis was due mainly to the hypotheses of domination and overdominization. From the middle of the 50s of the XX century to the beginning of the 21st century, a number of hypotheses emerged in explaining the mechanism of heterosis, among which are: genetic, metabolic and bioenergetic balances. On the problem of the mechanism of heterosis, one must return to a detailed analysis of the genetics of traits. The emergence of heterosis in the hybrids of the first generation can be explained on the basis of allelic and non-allelic gene interaction, which creates a favorable combination of genes during hybridization, which causes a better manifestation of an economically valuable trait. Allelic interaction of genes is mainly manifested in the complete or incomplete dominance of the dominant gene over the recessive gene of one allelic pair, as well as in codomination, when the external manifestation of the trait is a mixture of the action of both alleles of one allelic pair. Intergenic interaction of genes, as a rule, is expressed in four basic forms: complementarity, epistasis, polymorphism and modifying action. In connection with the fact that practically all forms of intergenic nonallelic and allelic interaction of genes are observed in the mechanism of manifestation of heterosis, this phenomenon is still difficult to explain to nature. In the work, somatic heterosis in arabidopsis was studied on the basis of the "diameter of the rosette of leaves". It was established that when the plants of different races Col-0 and La-0 cross in the generation of F2, polymeric interaction of the genes takes place. In this case, the splitting in F2 goes in a ratio of 15:1. In this case, hybrids of the first generation have somatic heterosis, which manifests itself in a more powerful development of the rosette of leaves compared with the original forms. In F1, the Col-0 and La-0 genes in each pair of alleles suppress the dominant gene, which is responsible for the better expression of the "leaflet diameter" attribute, the recessive gene (Col-0
| Published in | Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 3, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12 |
| Page(s) | 77-82 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Arabidopsis Thaliana (L.) Heynh, Heterosis, Gene, Mutation, Race
| [1] | Davenport, C. B. Degeneration, albinism and inbreeding, Science, 1908, vol. 28, pp. 454-455. |
| [2] | Hull, F. H. Reccurent selection for overdominance, Iowa State College Press, Ames, 1952, pp. 451-474. |
| [3] | Hulyaev, G. V., Genetics. M.: Kolos, 1984. |
| [4] | Duvick, D. N. Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development of hybrid maize, Nat. Rev. Genet, 2001, vol. 2, pp. 69-74. |
| [5] | Troyer, A. F., Wellin, E. J. Heterosis Decreasing in Hybrids: Yield Test Inbreds, Crop Science, 2009, vol. 49, pp. 1969-1976. |
| [6] | Bingham, E. T., Groose, R. W., Woodfield, D. R., Kidwell, K. K. Complementary gene interactions in alfalfa are greater in autotetraploids than diploids, Crop Sci, 1994, vol. 34, pp. 823-829. |
| [7] | Springer, N., Stupar, R. Allelic variation and heterosis in maize: How do two halves make more than whole?, Genome Res, 2007, vol. 17, pp. 264-275. |
| [8] | Birchler, J. A., Veitia, R. A. The gene balance hypothesis: Implications for gene regulation, quantitative traits and evolution, New Phytol, 2010, vol. 186(1), pp. 54-62. |
| [9] | Abramov, Z. Workshop on genetics. L.: Agropromizdat, 1992. |
| [10] | Birchler, J. A., Auger, D. L., Riddle, N. C., In search of the molecular basis of heterosis, The Plant Cell, 2003, vol. 15(10), pp. 2236-2239. |
| [11] | Khotyleva, A. V., Kilchevsky, A. V., Shapturenko, M. N. Theoretical aspects of heterosis, Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetics and Selektsii, 2016, vol. 20 (4), pp. 482-492. |
| [12] | Seed List, The Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, Nottingham.: The University of Nottingham, 1994. |
| [13] | Ivanov, V. I. Radiobiology and genetics of Arabidopsis. Problems of space biology. 1974, vol. 27, pp. 5-58. |
| [14] | Ezhova, G. A., Lebedeva, O. V., Ogarkova, O. A. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model object of plant genetics, М.: MAX Press, 2003. |
| [15] | Petrov, A. P., Plotnikov, V. A., Prokopenko, L.I. Method of soil culture of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and the problem of minimizing paratypic variances, Genetics, 1973, vol. 12 (2), pp. 83-88. |
| [16] | Dospekhov, B. A. Methods of field experience, M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. |
| [17] | Lakin, G. F. Biometriya, M. : Vysh. shk., 1990. |
| [18] | Glazko, V. I., Glazko, G. V. Glossary of terms in applied genetics and DNA technology, K.: IAB, 1999. |
| [19] | Shumnyy, V. K. Problemy genetiki rasteniy, Vestnik VOGiS, 2004, vol. 8(2), pp.: 32-39. |
| [20] | Ayala, F., Kayher, D. Modern genetics, M.: Mir, 1988. |
| [21] | Lobashev, M. E., Genetics, L.: Leningrad State University, 1985. |
APA Style
Sergei Hablak. (2019). The Concept of Allelic and Nonallelic Mechanism of Heterosis. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3(6), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12
ACS Style
Sergei Hablak. The Concept of Allelic and Nonallelic Mechanism of Heterosis. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2019, 3(6), 77-82. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12,
author = {Sergei Hablak},
title = {The Concept of Allelic and Nonallelic Mechanism of Heterosis},
journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
volume = {3},
number = {6},
pages = {77-82},
doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20180306.12},
abstract = {Heterosis is widely used in crop production to increase crop yields and is applied to more crops. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the mechanism of heterosis was due mainly to the hypotheses of domination and overdominization. From the middle of the 50s of the XX century to the beginning of the 21st century, a number of hypotheses emerged in explaining the mechanism of heterosis, among which are: genetic, metabolic and bioenergetic balances. On the problem of the mechanism of heterosis, one must return to a detailed analysis of the genetics of traits. The emergence of heterosis in the hybrids of the first generation can be explained on the basis of allelic and non-allelic gene interaction, which creates a favorable combination of genes during hybridization, which causes a better manifestation of an economically valuable trait. Allelic interaction of genes is mainly manifested in the complete or incomplete dominance of the dominant gene over the recessive gene of one allelic pair, as well as in codomination, when the external manifestation of the trait is a mixture of the action of both alleles of one allelic pair. Intergenic interaction of genes, as a rule, is expressed in four basic forms: complementarity, epistasis, polymorphism and modifying action. In connection with the fact that practically all forms of intergenic nonallelic and allelic interaction of genes are observed in the mechanism of manifestation of heterosis, this phenomenon is still difficult to explain to nature. In the work, somatic heterosis in arabidopsis was studied on the basis of the "diameter of the rosette of leaves". It was established that when the plants of different races Col-0 and La-0 cross in the generation of F2, polymeric interaction of the genes takes place. In this case, the splitting in F2 goes in a ratio of 15:1. In this case, hybrids of the first generation have somatic heterosis, which manifests itself in a more powerful development of the rosette of leaves compared with the original forms. In F1, the Col-0 and La-0 genes in each pair of alleles suppress the dominant gene, which is responsible for the better expression of the "leaflet diameter" attribute, the recessive gene (Col-0 wt, La-0 wt). Hybrid plants of the first generation also have an additive polymer effect of non-allelic dominant COL-0wt and LA-0wt genes to increase the size of the leaf rosette. In the second generation there is a process of splitting hybrids, and their superiority in the diameter of the rosette of leaves over the parental forms is reduced. This is due to a decrease in the heterozygosity of plants in the F2 generation. This can be explained by the assumption that the size of the rosette of leaves depends on two dominant non-allelic genes acting on this feature unambiguously. In hybrids of the second generation, the largest diameter of the rosette leaves the two dominant alleles COL-0wt and LA-0wt in the homo- or heterozygous state, whereas the combination of the recessive Col-0 and La-0 alleles in the homozygous state determines the small size of the leaf rosette.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Concept of Allelic and Nonallelic Mechanism of Heterosis AU - Sergei Hablak Y1 - 2019/01/28 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12 DO - 10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12 T2 - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology JF - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology JO - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology SP - 77 EP - 82 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5048 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20180306.12 AB - Heterosis is widely used in crop production to increase crop yields and is applied to more crops. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the mechanism of heterosis was due mainly to the hypotheses of domination and overdominization. From the middle of the 50s of the XX century to the beginning of the 21st century, a number of hypotheses emerged in explaining the mechanism of heterosis, among which are: genetic, metabolic and bioenergetic balances. On the problem of the mechanism of heterosis, one must return to a detailed analysis of the genetics of traits. The emergence of heterosis in the hybrids of the first generation can be explained on the basis of allelic and non-allelic gene interaction, which creates a favorable combination of genes during hybridization, which causes a better manifestation of an economically valuable trait. Allelic interaction of genes is mainly manifested in the complete or incomplete dominance of the dominant gene over the recessive gene of one allelic pair, as well as in codomination, when the external manifestation of the trait is a mixture of the action of both alleles of one allelic pair. Intergenic interaction of genes, as a rule, is expressed in four basic forms: complementarity, epistasis, polymorphism and modifying action. In connection with the fact that practically all forms of intergenic nonallelic and allelic interaction of genes are observed in the mechanism of manifestation of heterosis, this phenomenon is still difficult to explain to nature. In the work, somatic heterosis in arabidopsis was studied on the basis of the "diameter of the rosette of leaves". It was established that when the plants of different races Col-0 and La-0 cross in the generation of F2, polymeric interaction of the genes takes place. In this case, the splitting in F2 goes in a ratio of 15:1. In this case, hybrids of the first generation have somatic heterosis, which manifests itself in a more powerful development of the rosette of leaves compared with the original forms. In F1, the Col-0 and La-0 genes in each pair of alleles suppress the dominant gene, which is responsible for the better expression of the "leaflet diameter" attribute, the recessive gene (Col-0 wt, La-0 wt). Hybrid plants of the first generation also have an additive polymer effect of non-allelic dominant COL-0wt and LA-0wt genes to increase the size of the leaf rosette. In the second generation there is a process of splitting hybrids, and their superiority in the diameter of the rosette of leaves over the parental forms is reduced. This is due to a decrease in the heterozygosity of plants in the F2 generation. This can be explained by the assumption that the size of the rosette of leaves depends on two dominant non-allelic genes acting on this feature unambiguously. In hybrids of the second generation, the largest diameter of the rosette leaves the two dominant alleles COL-0wt and LA-0wt in the homo- or heterozygous state, whereas the combination of the recessive Col-0 and La-0 alleles in the homozygous state determines the small size of the leaf rosette. VL - 3 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: