Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal; Bawa Yusuf Muhammad; Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan; Zaruwa Moses Zira; Maryam Saeed Otuh

doi:doi:10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh

Published in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 2 April 2023 Accepted: 17 April 2023 Published: 27 April 2023

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Abstract

The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.

Published in	Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
Page(s)	12-20
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Moringa Herbal Snuff, Nicotine, Blood Pressure, Type2 Diabetes, Kidney Malfunction

References

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APA Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. (2023). Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 8(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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ACS Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal; Bawa Yusuf Muhammad; Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan; Zaruwa Moses Zira; Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2023, 8(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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AMA Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;8(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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@article{10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13,
  author = {Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal and Bawa Yusuf Muhammad and Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan and Zaruwa Moses Zira and Maryam Saeed Otuh},
  title = {Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town},
  journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20230801.13},
  abstract = {The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town
AU  - Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal
AU  - Bawa Yusuf Muhammad
AU  - Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan
AU  - Zaruwa Moses Zira
AU  - Maryam Saeed Otuh
Y1  - 2023/04/27
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
T2  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JF  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JO  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
SP  - 12
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5048
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
AB  - The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Bawa Yusuf Muhammad

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan

Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Zaruwa Moses Zira

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Maryam Saeed Otuh

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

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APA Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. (2023). Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 8(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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ACS Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal; Bawa Yusuf Muhammad; Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan; Zaruwa Moses Zira; Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2023, 8(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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AMA Style

Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;8(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13,
  author = {Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal and Bawa Yusuf Muhammad and Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan and Zaruwa Moses Zira and Maryam Saeed Otuh},
  title = {Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town},
  journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20230801.13},
  abstract = {The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town
AU  - Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal
AU  - Bawa Yusuf Muhammad
AU  - Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan
AU  - Zaruwa Moses Zira
AU  - Maryam Saeed Otuh
Y1  - 2023/04/27
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
T2  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JF  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JO  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
SP  - 12
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5048
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
AB  - The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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