Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon

Owona Amalia; Ebode Marie Josiane; Mintom Pierre; Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain; Lom Bill; Ebene Manon; Ndobo Valerie; Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane; Boombhi Jerome; Menanga Alain Patrick

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon

Owona Amalia^*

, Ebode Marie Josiane

, Mintom Pierre

, Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain, Lom Bill, Ebene Manon

, Ndobo Valerie

, Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane

, Boombhi Jerome

, Menanga Alain Patrick

Published in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 24 November 2025 Accepted: 12 December 2025 Published: 29 December 2025

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Abstract

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, particularly among elderly patients, in whom reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with worse outcomes. Data on factors associated with HF with reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HF with LVEF < 50% among elderly patients in two teaching hospitals in Cameroon. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study supplemented with prospective data collection from November 2021 to April 2022 in the cardiology units of Yaoundé Central Hospital and Yaoundé General Hospital. Patients aged ≥65 years with HF were included. Data on demographics, comorbidities, geriatric syndromes, echocardiographic parameters, and cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Univariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with LVEF < 50%; multivariate analysis was not reliable due to sparse data. Our variables were statistically significant for p-values <0.05. Results: A total of 63 patients were included (mean age 75.0 ± 6.4 years; 66.7% female). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (81.0%), and frailty was present in 42.9%. On univariate analysis, tachycardia (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.9–25.8), cardiac conduction blocks (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2–11.3), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.3–21.5) were significantly associated with LVEF < 50%, whereas normal heart rate, concentric LVH, decreased inferior vena cava compliance, and diastolic dysfunction appeared protective. Multivariable analysis could not be reliably performed due to sparse data.

Published in	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
Page(s)	179-184
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Heart Failure, Elderly, Reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction, Yaounde, Cameroon

References

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APA Style

Amalia, O., Josiane, E. M., Pierre, M., Germain, N. O. E., Bill, L., et al. (2025). Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 9(4), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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ACS Style

Amalia, O.; Josiane, E. M.; Pierre, M.; Germain, N. O. E.; Bill, L., et al. Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2025, 9(4), 179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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AMA Style

Amalia O, Josiane EM, Pierre M, Germain NOE, Bill L, et al. Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2025;9(4):179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20,
  author = {Owona Amalia and Ebode Marie Josiane and Mintom Pierre and Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain and Lom Bill and Ebene Manon and Ndobo Valerie and Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane and Boombhi Jerome and Menanga Alain Patrick},
  title = {Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {179-184},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20250904.20},
  abstract = {Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, particularly among elderly patients, in whom reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with worse outcomes. Data on factors associated with HF with reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HF with LVEF p-values <0.05. Results: A total of 63 patients were included (mean age 75.0 ± 6.4 years; 66.7% female). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (81.0%), and frailty was present in 42.9%. On univariate analysis, tachycardia (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.9–25.8), cardiac conduction blocks (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2–11.3), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.3–21.5) were significantly associated with LVEF < 50%, whereas normal heart rate, concentric LVH, decreased inferior vena cava compliance, and diastolic dysfunction appeared protective. Multivariable analysis could not be reliably performed due to sparse data.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon
AU  - Owona Amalia
AU  - Ebode Marie Josiane
AU  - Mintom Pierre
AU  - Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain
AU  - Lom Bill
AU  - Ebene Manon
AU  - Ndobo Valerie
AU  - Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane
AU  - Boombhi Jerome
AU  - Menanga Alain Patrick
Y1  - 2025/12/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 179
EP  - 184
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
AB  - Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, particularly among elderly patients, in whom reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with worse outcomes. Data on factors associated with HF with reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HF with LVEF p-values <0.05. Results: A total of 63 patients were included (mean age 75.0 ± 6.4 years; 66.7% female). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (81.0%), and frailty was present in 42.9%. On univariate analysis, tachycardia (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.9–25.8), cardiac conduction blocks (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2–11.3), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.3–21.5) were significantly associated with LVEF < 50%, whereas normal heart rate, concentric LVH, decreased inferior vena cava compliance, and diastolic dysfunction appeared protective. Multivariable analysis could not be reliably performed due to sparse data.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Owona Amalia

Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-1924-608X
Ebode Marie Josiane

Cardiology Unit,Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3417-3351
Mintom Pierre

Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9883-8693
Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain

Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Lom Bill

Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Ebene Manon

Cardiology Unit,Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-4739-5748
Ndobo Valerie

Cardiology Unit,Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-3692-3747
Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane

Cardiology Unit,Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2840-5598
Boombhi Jerome

Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-7213
Menanga Alain Patrick

Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Yaounde General Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon;Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-2853

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APA Style

Amalia, O., Josiane, E. M., Pierre, M., Germain, N. O. E., Bill, L., et al. (2025). Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 9(4), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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ACS Style

Amalia, O.; Josiane, E. M.; Pierre, M.; Germain, N. O. E.; Bill, L., et al. Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2025, 9(4), 179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

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AMA Style

Amalia O, Josiane EM, Pierre M, Germain NOE, Bill L, et al. Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2025;9(4):179-184. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20,
  author = {Owona Amalia and Ebode Marie Josiane and Mintom Pierre and Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain and Lom Bill and Ebene Manon and Ndobo Valerie and Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane and Boombhi Jerome and Menanga Alain Patrick},
  title = {Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {179-184},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20250904.20},
  abstract = {Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, particularly among elderly patients, in whom reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with worse outcomes. Data on factors associated with HF with reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HF with LVEF p-values <0.05. Results: A total of 63 patients were included (mean age 75.0 ± 6.4 years; 66.7% female). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (81.0%), and frailty was present in 42.9%. On univariate analysis, tachycardia (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.9–25.8), cardiac conduction blocks (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2–11.3), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.3–21.5) were significantly associated with LVEF < 50%, whereas normal heart rate, concentric LVH, decreased inferior vena cava compliance, and diastolic dysfunction appeared protective. Multivariable analysis could not be reliably performed due to sparse data.},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Factors Associated with Heart Failure with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Amongst Elderly Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in Cameroon
AU  - Owona Amalia
AU  - Ebode Marie Josiane
AU  - Mintom Pierre
AU  - Ngah Ondobo Emmanuel Germain
AU  - Lom Bill
AU  - Ebene Manon
AU  - Ndobo Valerie
AU  - Kuate Mfeukeu Liliane
AU  - Boombhi Jerome
AU  - Menanga Alain Patrick
Y1  - 2025/12/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 179
EP  - 184
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20250904.20
AB  - Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, particularly among elderly patients, in whom reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with worse outcomes. Data on factors associated with HF with reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with HF with LVEF p-values <0.05. Results: A total of 63 patients were included (mean age 75.0 ± 6.4 years; 66.7% female). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (81.0%), and frailty was present in 42.9%. On univariate analysis, tachycardia (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.9–25.8), cardiac conduction blocks (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2–11.3), and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (OR 7.0; 95% CI 2.3–21.5) were significantly associated with LVEF < 50%, whereas normal heart rate, concentric LVH, decreased inferior vena cava compliance, and diastolic dysfunction appeared protective. Multivariable analysis could not be reliably performed due to sparse data.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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