The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha; Felix Izirin Uyabara

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha, Felix Izirin Uyabara

Published in Journal of Political Science and International Relations (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 4 January 2021 Accepted: 24 March 2021 Published: 28 January 2022

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Abstract

This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.

Published in	Journal of Political Science and International Relations (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12
Page(s)	11-17
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Management, Empowerment Programmes, Electoral Violence

References

[1]	Michael, Amboro (2020) Personal Interview.
[2]	Enebraye, Orusengha (2020) Personal Interview.
[3]	Dollard, John; Miller, Neal E.; Doob, Leonard W.; Mowrer, Orval H.; Sears, Robert R. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press. doi: 10.1037/10022-000. OCLC 256003.
[4]	Bernard, Agai (2016) Personal Interview.
[5]	Ermann and Engel (2007) Neopatrmoniliam, Good Governance, Corruption and Accounting in Africa: Idealism versus Pragmatism. https://www.academia.edu/28604388/neopatrimonial.
[6]	Chandra, Kanchan (2007) “Counting Heads: A Theory of Voter and Elite Behavior in Patronage Democracies” in Kitschelt Herbert & Wilkinson Steven, Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[7]	Sarah Birch, Ursula Daxecker, and Kristine Höglund (2020) Electoral Violence: An Introduction, Journal of Peace Research, doi/10.1177/0022343319889657.
[8]	Höglund, Kristine (2009), Electoral Violence in Conflict-Ridden Societies: Concepts, Causes, and Consequences, in: Terrorism and Political Violence, 21, 3, 412-427.
[9]	Galtung, J. (1969) “Violence, Peace Research” in Journal of Peace Research.
[10]	YALI (2016) The sad irony of youth participation in election violence, https://yali.state.gov/the-sad-irony-of-youth-participation-in-election-violence.
[11]	Höglund, Kristine, and Anton Piyarathne (2009), Paying the Price of Patronage: Electoral Violence in Sri Lanka, in: Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 47, 3, 287-307.
[12]	Amananaowei of Amassoma (2019) Personal Interview.

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Akposeimokumo Tounaregha, Felix Izirin Uyabara. (2022). The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 5(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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ACS Style

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha; Felix Izirin Uyabara. The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. J. Polit. Sci. Int. Relat. 2022, 5(1), 11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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AMA Style

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha, Felix Izirin Uyabara. The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. J Polit Sci Int Relat. 2022;5(1):11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12,
  author = {Akposeimokumo Tounaregha and Felix Izirin Uyabara},
  title = {The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management},
  journal = {Journal of Political Science and International Relations},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  abstract = {This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.},
 year = {2022}
}

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T1  - The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management
AU  - Akposeimokumo Tounaregha
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PB  - Science Publishing Group
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AB  - This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.
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Author Information

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha

Department of History and International Relations, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Africa, Toru Orua, Nigeria
Felix Izirin Uyabara

Department of History and International Relations, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Africa, Toru Orua, Nigeria

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APA Style

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha, Felix Izirin Uyabara. (2022). The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 5(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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ACS Style

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha; Felix Izirin Uyabara. The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. J. Polit. Sci. Int. Relat. 2022, 5(1), 11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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AMA Style

Akposeimokumo Tounaregha, Felix Izirin Uyabara. The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management. J Polit Sci Int Relat. 2022;5(1):11-17. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12,
  author = {Akposeimokumo Tounaregha and Felix Izirin Uyabara},
  title = {The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management},
  journal = {Journal of Political Science and International Relations},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-17},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jpsir.20220501.12},
  abstract = {This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Management of Youth Involvement in Election Violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa: Causes, Issues, Actors and Management
AU  - Akposeimokumo Tounaregha
AU  - Felix Izirin Uyabara
Y1  - 2022/01/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12
T2  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JF  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JO  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
SP  - 11
EP  - 17
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-2785
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220501.12
AB  - This study examined the management of youth involvement in election violence in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. All violence linked to election is mostly perpetrated by the youths who are not only in the service of the politicians but also financed by them so long as they do the biddings. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A total of 125 questionnaire were administered and 110 retrieved for analysis using SPSS 21. Poor implementation of electoral laws, lack of self-confidence of politicians, difficult environmental terrain, godfatherism, proliferation of small and light weapons cause violence during elections in the study area. Ex-militant and other criminal gangs, the independent National Electoral Commission and Security personnel are the major actors in election violence in the study area. The creation of skill acquisition programmes, sensitization and legal framework designed for combating electoral violence, address the issue of youth involvement in election violence, and difficult terrain, no access roads, inaccessibility of police stations in the area, poor communication network are clog on the wheel of managing youth involvement in election violence in the study area. Adequate empowerment programs must be put in place for youths; government should establish more security posts in the study area. State and federal government should construct more roads to link the area together. The role most youths perform in the political and electoral process is violent in nature and that youths are vulnerable instrument of electoral violence.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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