Excessive fertilizer use and improper irrigation scheduling can accelerate soil degradation and increase the nitrogen leaching rate. This study, conducted at the Ambo Agricultural Research Center during the 2021/22 and 2022/23 irrigation seasons, aimed to identify optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates for wheat production under irrigation. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications, utilizing a split-plot arrangement. The main plot tested three soil moisture depletion levels: 80%, 100%, and 120%, while the sub-plot involved five nitrogen levels with 0, 46, 69, 92, and 115 kg N/ha. Results showed that nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity but not the irrigation regimes or their interaction with nitrogen levels. The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha. Both 115 kg and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed the 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower rates. Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively. At 120% allowable soil moisture depletion, the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio were observed (197,716 ETB and 30.89%, respectively). The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB. Based on grain yield, water productivity, and economic feasibility, we recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region.
Published in | World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Volume 2, Issue 4) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12 |
Page(s) | 119-129 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Economic Return, Irrigation Scheduling, Nitrogen Levels, Water Productivity, Wheat
Treatment | Main plot | Sub-plot |
---|---|---|
T1 | 80 % FAO Recommended allowable soil moisture depletion level (80% ASMDL) | N1 (0 kg/ha Nitrogen) |
T2 | N2 (46 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T3 | N3 (69 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T4 | N4 (92 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T5 | N5 (115 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T6 | FAO Recommended allowable soil moisture depletion level (100% ASMDL) | N1 (0 kg/ha Nitrogen) |
T7 | N2 (46 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T8 | N3 (69 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T9 | N4 (92 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T10 | N5 (115 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T11 | 120 % FAO Recommended allowable soil moisture depletion level (80% ASMDL) | N1 (0 kg/ha Nitrogen) |
T12 | N2 (46 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T13 | N3 (69 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T14 | N4 (92 kg/ha Nitrogen) | |
T15 | N5 (115 kg/ha Nitrogen) |
Month | Rain | Min Temp | Max Temp | Humidity | Wind | Sun | Rad | Eto |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mm | °C | °C | % | km/day | hours | MJ/m²/day | mm/day | |
January | 14 | 11.6 | 27.5 | 50 | 59 | 8.2 | 19.7 | 3.66 |
February | 15.1 | 12.8 | 28.9 | 49 | 61 | 9.5 | 22.8 | 4.32 |
March | 53.7 | 13.4 | 28.9 | 50 | 70 | 7.9 | 21.5 | 4.39 |
April | 56.9 | 13.7 | 28.1 | 57 | 66 | 7.4 | 20.9 | 4.28 |
May | 99.4 | 12.8 | 27.2 | 61 | 56 | 6.8 | 19.5 | 3.94 |
June | 157.1 | 12.6 | 24.9 | 71 | 40 | 6 | 17.9 | 3.46 |
July | 228.1 | 12.7 | 22.8 | 79 | 31 | 4.1 | 15.3 | 2.93 |
August | 204 | 12.8 | 22.3 | 80 | 25 | 3.9 | 15.3 | 2.89 |
September | 111.2 | 11.8 | 24 | 75 | 23 | 4.5 | 16.2 | 3.04 |
October | 37 | 11.3 | 26 | 59 | 43 | 7.8 | 20.5 | 3.73 |
November | 18.3 | 11 | 26.3 | 54 | 52 | 8.2 | 19.8 | 3.6 |
December | 8.9 | 11.2 | 26.5 | 51 | 64 | 8.6 | 19.7 | 3.6 |
Average | 1003.7 | 12.3 | 26.1 | 61 | 49 | 6.9 | 19.1 | 3.65 |
Depth | FC | PWP | TAW | Sand | Silt | Clay | Texture | PH | OM | Available |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cm | vol. % | vol. % | mm/m | % | % | % | - | - | % | P (ppm) |
0-30 | 39.05 | 18.53 | 205.2 | 16 | 18 | 66 | Clay | 7.83 | 3.66 | 5.9 |
30-60 | 38.53 | 17.13 | 214.0 | 16 | 18 | 66 | Clay | 8.13 | 2.06 | 4.3 |
60-90 | 34.73 | 17.07 | 177.3 | 18 | 14 | 68 | Clay | 8.01 | 2.09 | 3.6 |
Average | 37.44 | 17.58 | 198.6 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 66.7 | Clay | 8.0 | 2.6 | 4.6 |
Parameters | Growth stage | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Development | Mid | Late | Total | |
Growth stage (days) | 15 | 25 | 50 | 30 | 120 |
Crop coefficient (Kc) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.15 | 0.5 | |
Depletion fraction (ρ) | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Spike Length (cm) | Harvest Index (%) | Thousand seed weight (gm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main- plot factor (ASMD Levels %) | ||||
80 | 78.88 | 5.649 | 55.2 | 41.08 |
100 | 76.307 | 5.76 | 54.8 | 40.84 |
120 | 77.887 | 5.588 | 55.75 | 40.23 |
LSD (0.05) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 6.13 | 9.82 | 7.84 | 3.18 |
Sub-plot factor (Nitrogen levels kg/ha) | ||||
0 N (kg/ha) | 71.067d | 5.529b | 47.22c | 40.17 |
46 N (kg/ha) | 76.622cb | 5.546b | 54.91b | 40.48 |
69 N (kg/ha) | 77.933cb | 5.613b | 56.03b | 40.78 |
92 N (kg/ha) | 80.022ba | 5.899ba | 60.5a | 40.77 |
115 N (kg/ha) | 82.511a | 6.041a | 57.61ba | 41.38 |
LSD (0.05) | 2.59 | 0.23 | 3.4 | NS |
CV (%) | 4.98 | 6.04 | 9.13 | 3.62 |
Main-plot factor (ASMDL %) | Water Productivity (Kg/m3) | Sub-plot factor Nitrogen levels kg/ha | Water Productivity (Kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
80 | 1.02 | 0 | 0.698d |
100 | 1.07 | 46 | 0.982c |
120 L | 1.07 | 69 | 1.125b |
LSD (0.05) | NS | 92 | 1.218a |
CV (%) | 10.29 | 115 | 1.236a |
LSD (0.05) | 0.09 | ||
CV (%) | 12.16 |
Treatments | TY (kg/ha) | AY (kg/ha) | TR (ETB/ha) | TC (ETB/ha) | NI (ETB/ha) | ∆ NI (-) | ∆ TC (-) | MRR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 N (kg/ha) | 2944 | 2649.6 | 132,480 | 0 | 132,480 |
|
| |
46 N (kg/ha) | 4142 | 3727.8 | 186,390 | 3,800 | 182,590 | 50,110 | 3,800 | 1318.68 |
69 N (kg/ha) | 4748 | 4273.2 | 213,660 | 5,700 | 207,960 | 25,370 | 1,900 | 1335.26 |
92 N (kg/ha) | 5139 | 4625.1 | 231,255 | 7,600 | 223,655 | 15,695 | 1,900 | 826.05 |
115 N (kg/ha) | 5213 | 4691.7 | 234,585 | 9,500 | 225,085 | 1,430 | 1,900 | 75.26 |
Treatments | TY (kg/ha) | AY (kg/ha) | TR (ETB/ha) | TC (ETB/ha) | NI (ETB/ha) | BC Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80 % ASMDL | 4297.6 | 3867.84 | 193392 | 8800 | 184592 | 20.98 |
100 % ASMDL | 4478.6 | 4030.74 | 201537 | 7600 | 193937 | 25.52 |
120 %ASMDL | 4535.9 | 4082.31 | 204116 | 6400 | 197716 | 30.89 |
ASMDL | Allowable Soil Moisture Depletion Level |
CIMMYT | International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center |
CV | Coefficient of Variation |
ETB | Ethiopian Birr |
ETc | Crop Evapotranspiration |
Eto | Reference Evapotranspiration |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
Kc | Crop Coefficient |
LC | Laboure Cost |
LSD | Least Significant Difference |
MRR | Marginal Rate of Return |
N | Nitrogen |
NI | Net Income |
TC | Total Cost |
TR | Total Return |
WP | Water Productivity |
Y | Grain Yield |
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APA Style
Bekele, S., Frrisa, O., Degefa, K. (2024). Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia. World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2(4), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12
ACS Style
Bekele, S.; Frrisa, O.; Degefa, K. Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia. World J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2024, 2(4), 119-129. doi: 10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12
AMA Style
Bekele S, Frrisa O, Degefa K. Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia. World J Agric Sci Technol. 2024;2(4):119-129. doi: 10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12
@article{10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12, author = {Selamawit Bekele and Oli Frrisa and Kalkidan Degefa}, title = {Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia }, journal = {World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, pages = {119-129}, doi = {10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjast.20240204.12}, abstract = {Excessive fertilizer use and improper irrigation scheduling can accelerate soil degradation and increase the nitrogen leaching rate. This study, conducted at the Ambo Agricultural Research Center during the 2021/22 and 2022/23 irrigation seasons, aimed to identify optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates for wheat production under irrigation. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications, utilizing a split-plot arrangement. The main plot tested three soil moisture depletion levels: 80%, 100%, and 120%, while the sub-plot involved five nitrogen levels with 0, 46, 69, 92, and 115 kg N/ha. Results showed that nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity but not the irrigation regimes or their interaction with nitrogen levels. The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha. Both 115 kg and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed the 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower rates. Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively. At 120% allowable soil moisture depletion, the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio were observed (197,716 ETB and 30.89%, respectively). The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB. Based on grain yield, water productivity, and economic feasibility, we recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region. }, year = {2024} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Ambo, West Shoa, Ethiopia AU - Selamawit Bekele AU - Oli Frrisa AU - Kalkidan Degefa Y1 - 2024/10/31 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12 DO - 10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12 T2 - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JF - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JO - World Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology SP - 119 EP - 129 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2994-7332 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjast.20240204.12 AB - Excessive fertilizer use and improper irrigation scheduling can accelerate soil degradation and increase the nitrogen leaching rate. This study, conducted at the Ambo Agricultural Research Center during the 2021/22 and 2022/23 irrigation seasons, aimed to identify optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates for wheat production under irrigation. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications, utilizing a split-plot arrangement. The main plot tested three soil moisture depletion levels: 80%, 100%, and 120%, while the sub-plot involved five nitrogen levels with 0, 46, 69, 92, and 115 kg N/ha. Results showed that nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity but not the irrigation regimes or their interaction with nitrogen levels. The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha. Both 115 kg and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed the 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower rates. Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively. At 120% allowable soil moisture depletion, the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio were observed (197,716 ETB and 30.89%, respectively). The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB. Based on grain yield, water productivity, and economic feasibility, we recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region. VL - 2 IS - 4 ER -