Research Article
Comparison of Periodontal Status of Adult Individuals Using Charcoal and Regular Nylon Toothbrushes in a Nigerian Health Facility
Veronica Obianuju Amuh*
,
Adebola Ehizele,
Rebecca Ezebor
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 1, February 2025
Pages:
1-11
Received:
23 January 2025
Accepted:
7 February 2025
Published:
24 February 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.cmr.20251401.11
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Abstract: The high prevalence of periodontal disease in adolescents, adults, and older individuals makes it a public health concern. Although studies have been reported on the efficacy of charcoal-infused versus Nylon toothbrushes on periodontal health, there appears to be a lack of documented reports. This study compared individuals' periodontal health using a charcoal-infused and a regular nylon bristle toothbrush. This randomized clinical crossover study recruited all consecutive participants who presented to the Department of Periodontics at a tertiary facility for scaling, between May 2022 to April 2023. Each participant made use of each toothbrush; Charcoal-infused and Nylon toothbrush. Participants were instructed to brush with either toothbrush and the same fluoride toothpaste, morning and evening after meals, for three minutes and with the modified Bass technique. They were recalled after three weeks for assessment and the PI, GI, and CPITN were recorded at baseline and after three weeks of use of toothbrushes. After six months of washout (using whatever individual was used to), the toothbrush was exchanged, and the same procedure and assessments were done. Data collected were Biodata (age, sex, marital status, occupation, education, and ethnic group) and records of PI, GI, and CPITN values. A level of significance was set at p<0.05. All analysis was done with SPSS software version 26, (IBM, Armonk, New York, US). A total of twenty - two adults with a mean age of 32.82±12.19 years were recruited in this study. There was an improvement in periodontal status as all the participants had healthy gingivae at the end of the study. There was a significant reduction of the mean CPITN values for charcoal (p=0.0001) and Nylon (p= 0.001) over three weeks. However, there was no statistically significant difference in PI, GI, and CPITN (p =0.757, p =0.806, p =0.391, and p =0.1) respectively. The charcoal-infused toothbrush was not better than the Nylon bristle toothbrush in maintaining the periodontal status of participants in this study over three weeks. However, the periodontal status of participants was positively impacted.
Abstract: The high prevalence of periodontal disease in adolescents, adults, and older individuals makes it a public health concern. Although studies have been reported on the efficacy of charcoal-infused versus Nylon toothbrushes on periodontal health, there appears to be a lack of documented reports. This study compared individuals' periodontal health usin...
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Research Article
Trends of the Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attributable to High Body Mass Index, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia in Fertile Age Group (20-44 Years) in Bulgaria
Anna-Maria Borissova,
Boyana Trifonova*,
Lilia Dakovska,
Mircho Vukov
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 1, February 2025
Pages:
12-27
Received:
1 March 2025
Accepted:
12 March 2025
Published:
28 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.cmr.20251401.12
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Abstract: Surprisingly, many researchers have noted an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in people between the ages of 20 and 40 (Young Adult-Onset Type 2 Diabetes). Aim: To provide a more accurate picture of the real health status of the young fertile population (20-44 years) in the country, by assessing the incidence of diabetes among them and examining the role of classic risk factors for diabetes/prediabetes (obesity/overweight, arterial hypertension, impaired serum lipid levels). Material and Methods: 936 subjects were distributed into three age groups: 20-44 years - 342 (36.5%), 45-59 years - 301 (32.2%) and 60-79 years - 293 (31.3%). Diabetes status was defined according to the criteria of the WHO/IDF Report’2016 and the data were evaluated according to age and gender. Standard OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) was performed with measurement of plasma glucose and HbA1c was also examined. Height and weight were measured, BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. Arterial hypertension (AH) was defined according to the IDF consensus (2012) for T2D recommending arterial pressure levels up to 130/80 mmHg and the same recommendation in the last Guideline of European Society of Hypertension (ESH’2023). Results: In the young fertile age group (20-44 years) the incidence of diabetes/prediabetes is 14.4% (49/340), and the incidence of risk factors in them is: obesity and overweight are present in 56% (191/340); 85.7% (12/14) of young diabetics have BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; AH is nearly 17% (57/342) among individuals in the young group; almost 1/5 of young men have AH; in 42.9% (6/14) there is a combination of AH and diabetes versus 12.9% (38/293) with AH only; the highest incidence of low serum HDL-cholesterol level (67.5%) is in the young age group; in 1/5 of them hypertriglyceridemia is present. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop strategies for the prevention of diabetes, which should be aimed at controlling the trend of increasing obesity/overweight, timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of AH, control of lipid levels. The increase in the incidence of diabetes in the young age group (20-44 years) means an increase in fertility problems, the course and completion of pregnancy. These are very serious health complications that require early diagnosis, but the main thing is prevention. It is necessary to introduce educational programs among the population, which should be informed about the need for lifestyle changes (nutritional habits and physical activity), personal concern and systematic care for one's own healt.
Abstract: Surprisingly, many researchers have noted an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in people between the ages of 20 and 40 (Young Adult-Onset Type 2 Diabetes). Aim: To provide a more accurate picture of the real health status of the young fertile population (20-44 years) in the country, by assessing the incidence of diabetes among the...
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