Research Article
Pre - Extension Demonstration of Alternate Furrow Irrigation for Better Water Management Technologies at Dugda District
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
61-68
Received:
22 April 2024
Accepted:
22 July 2024
Published:
15 August 2024
Abstract: The agricultural sector is the main consumer of fresh irrigation water so any effort to improve WUE in this sector gets a lot of attention so, raising WUE through improved of modern irrigation techniques and increasing the capacity of soil output complementary to make better employ of irrigation water and saving water for other uses. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the most effective water-saving techniques and improve the water use efficiency of irrigated onions under limited agricultural water availability for better water management technologies. The treatment consists of conventional furrow irrigation and alternate furrow irrigation method with full crop water requirement in three replications on two farmers. Crop water requirement was estimated using actual daily climatic data. The result showed that conventional furrow irrigation method was the highest bulb yield and yield components when compared to alternate furrow irrigation method. Alternate furrow irrigation method produced total yield of 18.73 t/ha which was not significantly different with that obtained under every furrow irrigation (220.6 Qt/ha). It was also found that yield reduction may be low compared to the benefits gained by diverting the saved water to irrigate extra cultivated land. The result showed that decreasing WP with increased irrigation water from 50% crop water requirement (ETc) from alternate furrow irrigation (5.68 kg m-3) to conventional furrow irrigation 100% Etc (3.6 kg m-3). Increasing water deficit from 100 to 50% ETc led to an increase of onion WP up to 75%. For increasing marketable bulb yield of onion under no water stress scenario, irrigation of onion with conventional furrow irrigation methods could be used. However, under limiting irrigation water resource condition, irrigation of onion could be done with alternate furrow irrigation method to maximize water use efficiency of onion for similar agro-ecology and soil type.
Abstract: The agricultural sector is the main consumer of fresh irrigation water so any effort to improve WUE in this sector gets a lot of attention so, raising WUE through improved of modern irrigation techniques and increasing the capacity of soil output complementary to make better employ of irrigation water and saving water for other uses. The aim of thi...
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Research Article
Using Experiments, 3D Scanning, and CFD to Analyze the Variance in Energy Losses Through Pipe Elbows
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
69-79
Received:
17 July 2024
Accepted:
20 August 2024
Published:
5 September 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20240802.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Pipe bends, or elbows, cause energy loss in pipelines due to the flow conditions they create. This energy loss has traditionally been approximated based on published minor loss coefficients, known as k-factors. However, the energy losses of elbows can vary based on geometric characteristics, which may not be accounted for in the published k-factors. The purpose of this research was to quantify the variance in energy loss resulting from elbows with geometric differences and to determine appropriate methods for approximating these variances using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Eight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elbows were physically tested in a hydraulic laboratory to determine the individual loss coefficients. The resulting data show that the minor loss coefficient k for two short-radius elbows of the same nominal size can vary by up to 51%. The same tests on two of the elbows were repeated using CFD, in which they were modeled two different ways: 1) using the ideal geometry and 2) using the actual geometry. The actual geometry was captured using 3D scanning. Each geometry was used in a series of simulations, and the results were compared to the experimental data. The CFD simulations were able to reproduce similar variances between the two elbows as displayed in the physical tests, although they were unable to reproduce the same k-factors. When compared to the experimental k-factor data, using the actual geometries captured by 3D scanning was not consistently more accurate than using idealized geometries.
Abstract: Pipe bends, or elbows, cause energy loss in pipelines due to the flow conditions they create. This energy loss has traditionally been approximated based on published minor loss coefficients, known as k-factors. However, the energy losses of elbows can vary based on geometric characteristics, which may not be accounted for in the published k-factors...
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Research Article
Assessment of Head for Hydropower Potential Using DEM, Google Earth, and GPS in the Furfuro Watershed, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
80-88
Received:
19 November 2024
Accepted:
2 December 2024
Published:
19 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ae.20240802.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Energy is vital for social progress and economic success in all nations. Ethiopia, with its abundant water resources and ideal geography, holds significant potential for hydropower development. However, comprehensive data on the hydropower potential of many perennial rivers remains inadequate. To unlock Ethiopia's vast hydropower potential and establish a foundation for a clean, sustainable energy future, accurate and reliable head data is crucial. The goal of this study was to assess the potential head of the Furfuro River, which is located in the Rift Valley Basin, Ethiopia, using Geographic Information System (GIS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Google Earth, and hand Global Position System (GPS). The hydropower potential of the site was analyzed by measuring the gross head using GPS and Google Earth. The potential head was calculated from the longitudinal river profile, and the performance was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) and the values were (0.997 and 0.994, respectively). By overlaying the DEM and stream network using GIS, the study identified four potential hydropower sites in the Furfuro River, all on streams of orders 4 and 5 with heads exceeding or equal to 8 meters. The findings of this study highlight the effectiveness of using DEM, Google Earth, and hand GPS for assessment of optimal heads for hydropower potential sites.
Abstract: Energy is vital for social progress and economic success in all nations. Ethiopia, with its abundant water resources and ideal geography, holds significant potential for hydropower development. However, comprehensive data on the hydropower potential of many perennial rivers remains inadequate. To unlock Ethiopia's vast hydropower potential and esta...
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