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The Relationship of Changes in the Planet's Biosphere with the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Foundations of the Physical Theory of Virus Expansion
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
74-80
Received:
22 May 2021
Accepted:
7 June 2021
Published:
2 July 2021
Abstract: In recent decades, epidemics of new, previously unknown human viral diseases, and their number is growing. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 showed that the humanity is not prepared to deal with new challenges and does not understand the causes of aggression of viruses at all. An attempt to explain the catastrophic spread of the new coronavirus infection across countries and continents by the accidental transmission of the virus from animal to person is not really convincing. The pandemic was most likely caused by global changes in the planet’s biosphere. According to V. I. Vernadsky, the biosphere consists of three main parts: plants, animals and microorganisms, with the constant total mass. In recent decades, the deforestation rate has increased dramatically. The number of wild animals has decreased as well, while the human population has increased. This growing imbalance has led to the expansion of viruses from animals to humans. The rapid spread of the infection in large ecosystems is associated with understudied physical properties of viruses. Viruses being a part of the nanoworld change the traditional ideas about the extension of infection per contiguitatem. There is every reason to believe that viruses have wave properties and are capable of creating stable resonance systems and an electromagnetic field. The energy of the electromagnetic field can be high enough to spread infection without any contacts and to fill the ecosystem with a new virus rapidly. Probably, in the external environment, viruses are able to create "coherent matter" - an electromagnetic field of high intensity, the energy of which is sufficient to convert into mass and, conversely, the mass of viruses into energy. New data on the wave properties of viruses explain the facts of the simultaneous occurrence and increase in the incidence of COVID-19 in different countries and populations. The expansion of viruses in ecosystems looks like a model of a complex oscillatory system. Such systems are capable of self-organization and demonstrate periodicity, which manifests itself in the form of waves of increasing and decreasing morbidity. The study of the ecological aspects of the pandemic and the physical properties of viruses leads to important practical conclusions: "new" viral infections are the result of global changes in the planet's biosphere, which lead to the expansion of viruses, the creation of new ecosystems. The development of these ecosystems is not only epidemiological, but also a complex physical process that requires further study.
Abstract: In recent decades, epidemics of new, previously unknown human viral diseases, and their number is growing. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 showed that the humanity is not prepared to deal with new challenges and does not understand the causes of aggression of viruses at all. An attempt to explain the catastrophic spread of the new co...
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Microvascular Angina, on the Purpose of a Case from Southern Colombian
Santiago Emilio Campbell Silva,
Carlos Hernan Calderon Franco,
Diego Julian Alvis Pena,
Juan David Bermeo Calderón,
Luis Carlos Altahona Escobar,
Díana Lizeth Grajales Trujillo,
Lina Maria Gonzalez Vargas
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
81-85
Received:
1 May 2021
Accepted:
25 May 2021
Published:
9 July 2021
Abstract: The most common cause of myocardial ischemia and angina is coronary stenosis by atheromatous lesions in the epicardial arteries. However, a significant percentage of patients with angina and ischemia demonstrated by tests to induce it not present coronary obstructions on angiography. For this reason, the case of a 68-year-old woman is presented, who consulted for chest pain with typical oppressive characteristics, associated with autonomous symptoms, with electrocardiographic changes and elevated cardiac enzymes, given the above she received anti-ischemic, antiplatelet, and analgesic, which required coronary stratification, which was later reported within normal limits. Likewise, outpatient follow-up was carried out 3 months after the cardiovascular event, reporting within normal limits. In these cases, it is attributed to coronary spasm, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial metabolism disorders as responsible for ischemia and its clinical manifestations. This situation constitutes a frequent and costly clinical problem, contributes to diminishing the quality of life, and presents a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment. This form of angina is not as benign as it was previously considered. We present a case in which it was not possible to demonstrated ischemia by tests performed and coronary angiography revealed no obstructive lesions.
Abstract: The most common cause of myocardial ischemia and angina is coronary stenosis by atheromatous lesions in the epicardial arteries. However, a significant percentage of patients with angina and ischemia demonstrated by tests to induce it not present coronary obstructions on angiography. For this reason, the case of a 68-year-old woman is presented, wh...
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The Conceptual Mapping and Its Importance in Nursing Education and Practice
Usha Rani Kandula,
Addisu Dabi Wake
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
86-90
Received:
13 May 2021
Accepted:
2 July 2021
Published:
9 July 2021
Abstract: Conceptual maps are observed as new and efficient teaching and learning tools for the student learning process. These maps are educational useful tools for teachers and learners; it creates significant knowledge on a specific subject and represents it in a schematic manner. Concept maps are one of the significant teaching methods that support learners precisely attain the information they want. It is a learning and teaching strategy which links how the individuals learn and meaningful learning issues. In nursing, the concept maps are used as a scheme of uniting theory and practice. It enhances the self-confidence, achievement, and the ability of developing a critical thinking skill. A conceptual diagram utilizes a graphic conceptual framework to visually organize information or learning content with the assist of predefined groups. These groups are generally resulting from numerous theories or models. These maps create self-awareness and are broadly accepted as a helping tool to support learners in their day-to-day learning activities. For the development of conceptual maps needs reflective thinking, cognitive imagination, and good understanding of the subject concept. The article tried to review; the introduction of concept mapping; brief history; essential components; different patterns of use; utilization in nursing education and practice, health sectors, etc.
Abstract: Conceptual maps are observed as new and efficient teaching and learning tools for the student learning process. These maps are educational useful tools for teachers and learners; it creates significant knowledge on a specific subject and represents it in a schematic manner. Concept maps are one of the significant teaching methods that support learn...
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New Generation Sequencing in Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer: Clinical Implications for Immunotherapy
Hao Song,
Hongyan Ma,
Yao Huang,
Bin Yi,
Xiaoqing Jiang
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
91-97
Received:
20 June 2021
Accepted:
8 July 2021
Published:
16 July 2021
Abstract: Objective: To explore the common mutation gene and mutation rule of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, and to confirm the therapeutic effect of PD1 inhibitor through follow-up. Method: From 2017 to 2019, 42 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA), 49 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECCA) and 40 patients with GBC were followed up in Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital for new generation sequencing (NGS). And we also followed up 25 cases of cholangiocarcinoma with PD1 inhibitor and observed the therapeutic effect. Result: The result show that TP53, KRAS, ARID1A, CDKN2A, SMAD4 and ERBB are the most common mutations in ICCA. TP53, KRAS, CDKN2A, ARID2, SMAD4 and ARID1A are the most common mutations in ECCA. TP53, ERBB，CDKN2A, ARID1A, CCNE1 are the most common mutations in GBC. 25 patients who used PD1 inhibitors had no complete remission, 6 patients had partial remission, 6 patients had no effect at all, and the disease progressed. The objective remission rate reached 24% and progression free survival was 5.2±4.8 months. Conclusion: TP53, ARID1A, CDKN2A are the most common mutations in CCA or GBC. We believe that through continuous clinical trials, we will find drugs to inhibit these mutations. PD-1 inhibitor can be used as a choice for patients with advanced stage of CCA or GBC, but not all of them have good therapeutic effect. It is suggested to combine other methods for treatment.
Abstract: Objective: To explore the common mutation gene and mutation rule of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, and to confirm the therapeutic effect of PD1 inhibitor through follow-up. Method: From 2017 to 2019, 42 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA), 49 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECCA) and 40 patients with GBC ...
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Experimental Mechanical Jaundice: Morphological Aspects of Proliferation, the Possibility of Transformation and Involution of Epithelial Cells in the Bile Ducts
Asomidin Faizovich Sadriddinov,
Sheraliev Kambarali Saidalievich,
Hidirova Gulnoza Azodovna,
Muborak Asomidinovna Sadriddinova,
Elena Nikolaevna Guzacheva
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
98-102
Received:
8 June 2021
Accepted:
8 July 2021
Published:
24 July 2021
Abstract: On an experimental model of obstructive jaundice in experimental rats, the cytological aspects of proliferation and the possibility of transformation of cholangiol cells into hepatocytes, as well as the cellular mechanisms of involution of the bile ducts, were investigated. The material was the liver of sexually mature rats (n=38) with 10, 20, and 25 days of cholestasis, in which the duct was recanalized during these periods and sacrificed on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 30th and 90th days after the second operation. Pieces of liver tissue were processed by conventional histological and electron microscopic methods. Ligation of the bile duct promotes rapid proliferation of the bile ducts, which correlates with the duration of cholestasis. In the early stages of the experiment (cholestasis for 10 days), the bile ducts occupy the peripheral sections of the lobules, by the 20th day, cholestasis penetrates deeply into the lobule, dismembering it into fragments, and by the 25th day, a picture of biliary cirrhosis develops. It was found that the proliferation of the bile ducts occurs due to the duct cells themselves, the transformation of cholangiol cells into "oval" cells or hepatocytes was not found. The transformation criteria were the shape, intracellular structures, and the state of the boundary plate and the basement membrane of the ducts. Consequently, bile duct cells (cholangioli) and hepatocytes, diverse in their function, showed absolute genetic heterogeneity. After the restoration of the outflow of bile, non-functioning ducts undergo destruction and decay. It has been shown that hepatic macrophages play an active role in cleansing the liver parenchyma from the products of cellular decay of the bile ducts, dead liver cells, as well as excess fibrillar structures. Activated Kupffer cells, due to the content of a large number of heterolysosomes, provide degradation, lysis and utilization of cellular and extracellular structures.
Abstract: On an experimental model of obstructive jaundice in experimental rats, the cytological aspects of proliferation and the possibility of transformation of cholangiol cells into hepatocytes, as well as the cellular mechanisms of involution of the bile ducts, were investigated. The material was the liver of sexually mature rats (n=38) with 10, 20, and ...
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Effect of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis on Quality of Life of Patients, a Multicentric Study in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Pakistan Using DLQI
Najia Ahmed,
Aymen Naeem,
Bisma Zahid,
Moizza Tahir,
Uzma Bashir,
Sameena Kausar,
Omer Farooq,
Saira Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
103-107
Received:
13 June 2021
Accepted:
19 July 2021
Published:
27 July 2021
Abstract: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by the parasite “Leishmania” and is endemic in more than 90 countries of the world. Despite its vast prevalence and impact on quality of life (qol), it is one of the most neglected tropical dermatological diseases. The patients face considerable mental challenges including anxiety, depression and low self-esteem, leading to a low qol. This study aims to determine the effect of CL on qol of patients suffering from it. It is a cross-sectional study that evaluated 212 patients suffering from CL who reported at Pak Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH), Rawalpindi, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar, PNS Shifa, Karachi and CMH, Quetta from September 2018 to March 2019. For measuring the qol, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was filled in voluntarily. Data on demographics and characteristics of the lesions was also collected and analyzed using SPSS 22 software. DLQI scores ranged from 0 to 29 out of a total of 30 with a mean score of 14.01±7.5. The patients were divided into five categories based on the impact the disease had on them according to the scores obtained; 74 (35%) were those who had a large effect and only six (3%) had no effect. “Feelings” was the most affected area (mean 2.10±0.94) followed by work (1.64±1.23) and sexual function had the least effect (mean 0.86±1.04). CL was found to have a significant effect on qol of 180 (85%) of the patients. A statistically significant association was seen between type, size and duration of lesions and patient’s qol. Therefore, CL significantly influences the quality of life of patients. The ulcerated type, longer duration and larger size of the lesion had greater impact on the quality of life. Preventive measures should be taken to reduce the prevalence of the disease and hence, improve the qol of people in the endemic areas.
Abstract: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by the parasite “Leishmania” and is endemic in more than 90 countries of the world. Despite its vast prevalence and impact on quality of life (qol), it is one of the most neglected tropical dermatological diseases. The patients face considerable mental challenges including anxiety, depression and low...
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A Qualitative Research of Cancer Patients' Experience of Participating in Shared Decision-Making
Huei-Lan Chang,
Chiou-Fen Lin
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
108-114
Received:
27 June 2021
Accepted:
20 July 2021
Published:
27 July 2021
Abstract: Cancer is a life-threatening disease, albeit the continued improvement in treatment strategies, there are still many uncertainties during the treatment process and the effectiveness. In the current healthcare settings, shared decision-making (SDM) or patients’ preference and values and participation have less frequently been incorporated in the medical decision-making process. SDM has been advocated in Taiwan since 2016. The aim of this study is to investigate patients’ experiences of participation in SDM. A qualitative research using in-depth interviews design to present the patient's experience of participating in SDM. Purposive sampling of cancer patients above 20 years old in a teaching hospital in Northern Taiwan from January 15th to April 30th in 2018 was recruited. A total of 25 patients were enrolled for face-to-face in-depth interview, a qualitative content analysis according Graneheim and Lundman. Three themes of experiences and feelings of SDM participation were summarized, i.e., difficulty in making major medical decision, professional support is the most important, and mutual expect in shared decision-making. Six subthemes are shocked by the diagnosis, layman with deficient knowledge of the medical conditions, sufficient information for decision-making, encouragement and support for motivation, one is the master of his own body, and regain confidence to make decisions and face the future. With the development of medical technology, there has been significant improvement in cancer prevention and treatment in recent years. Still, a considerable proportion of cancer patients showed poor response to conventional treatment or control therapies, by which patients prone to face difficulty in choosing treatment options. Shared decision-making is a process of patient autonomy in which patients are equipped with correct understanding of treatment options and are able to make quality decisions.
Abstract: Cancer is a life-threatening disease, albeit the continued improvement in treatment strategies, there are still many uncertainties during the treatment process and the effectiveness. In the current healthcare settings, shared decision-making (SDM) or patients’ preference and values and participation have less frequently been incorporated in the med...
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Rational Use of Antiviral Drugs Against SARS-CoV2
Naiju Zhang,
Tianping Chen,
Kuihua Xu,
Chuanmiao Liu,
Shousong Zhao,
Wei Li
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
115-119
Received:
20 July 2021
Accepted:
9 August 2021
Published:
13 August 2021
Abstract: Background: In December 2019, the outbreak of infectious pneumonia caused by a novel strain of coronavirus was named 'SARS-CoV2', which appeared in Wuhan, China. The said virus is highly contagious and rapidly spread across the world. So far, there is no effective antiviral drug in clinic. Objective: To make clinicians standardize the usage of the antiviral therapies against COVID-19, worldwide. Method: According to the recommended diagnosis and treatment protocols and relevant literature reports, suggested therapeutics include α-interferon (nebulization), lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin (recommended in combination with α-interferon or lopinavir/ritonavir), chloroquine phosphate, and arbidol. Recommendations based on various perspectives, such as timing and duration of medication, usage and dosage, adverse reactions and corresponding monitoring indicators, interactions, combination of antiviral drugs, efficacy evaluation indicators and discharge criteria were listed. Result: Pharmacist and clinicians provides knowledge of drug therapeutics for antiviral therapy and pharmaceutical care of clinical COVID-19. Conclusion: Recommendations of rational use of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV2 may provide a timely reference to frontline clinicians in their fight against COVID-19 pneumonia to improve the clinical cure rate.
Abstract: Background: In December 2019, the outbreak of infectious pneumonia caused by a novel strain of coronavirus was named 'SARS-CoV2', which appeared in Wuhan, China. The said virus is highly contagious and rapidly spread across the world. So far, there is no effective antiviral drug in clinic. Objective: To make clinicians standardize the usage of the ...
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Progress in the Application of Single-cell Sequencing Technology in Cartilage Tissue Diseases
Li Zhencong,
Xu Yude,
Wu Hao,
Yao Yicun,
Ye Dongping,
Miao Haixiong,
Liang Weiguo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
120-126
Received:
30 July 2021
Accepted:
10 August 2021
Published:
26 August 2021
Abstract: Background: In the study of the pathogenesis of cartilage tissue (articular cartilage, meniscus, intervertebral disc, etc.) diseases, the most common research object is to explore some possible pathogenesis and pathogenesis in the direction of the whole pathological changes of these overall tissues. Therefore, there are many limitations and inaccuracies in the previous research methods. Single-cell sequencing refers to the technology of sequencing the genome and transcriptome epigenome at the single cell level, which can obtain the heterogeneity data between different cells from the sample tissue and sequence the precious very trace sample, so as to reflect the law and essence of life at a deeper level. Objective: Single cell sequencing technology can be used to explore the pathogenesis of cartilage tissue diseases, understand the relationship between a cell type and diseases and provide new ideas for treatment and diagnosis. Methods: The first author used the Chinese search terms "single-cell sequencing, cartilage, intervertebral disc, meniscus" and the English search terms "single-cell sequencing; cartilage; intervertebral disc; meniscus, osteoarthritis", relevant articles included between January 2010 and April 2021 were searched in Embase, PubMed, Wanfang database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. The retrieved relevant literatures were screened and collated, and the included relevant literatures were reviewed in detail. Results & Conclusion: From the emergence of single-cell sequencing technology for the first time more than ten years ago, single-cell sequencing technology has been rapidly developed, and occupies an important position in the whole history of life science and technology development. Single-cell sequencing has been widely used in the study of tumor heterogeneity, immune microenvironment, neuroscience, embryonic development, and cell differentiation. However, the application in cartilage tissue diseases, is still in the primary stage of exploratory research. Single-cell sequencing technology can better understand the pathogenesis of cartilage tissue diseases at the cellular level, providing the possibility for pathological staging and targeted therapy at the molecular level of the disease. This is helpful for early diagnosis and early intervention of cartilage tissue diseases, reducing the pain caused by advanced cartilage tissue diseases and the economic burden of the whole society, so it also has a broad prospect in cartilage tissue diseases.
Abstract: Background: In the study of the pathogenesis of cartilage tissue (articular cartilage, meniscus, intervertebral disc, etc.) diseases, the most common research object is to explore some possible pathogenesis and pathogenesis in the direction of the whole pathological changes of these overall tissues. Therefore, there are many limitations and inaccur...
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