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The Term Ophthalmopathy of Prematurity More Fully Reflects the Problems in the Eye than Retinopathy of Prematurity
Evgeny Ivanovich Sidorenko
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
160-164
Received:
26 August 2021
Accepted:
17 September 2021
Published:
10 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.11
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Abstract: Ophthalmopathy of prematurity (OH) was first described in 1942 by T. Terry and was named by him "Retrolental fibroplasia". Gradually, knowledge was accumulated that showed that retrolental fibroplasia is only the final stage of the process, and in 1951 Parker Heath proposed the term "Retinopathy of prematurity" (ROP). The development of science and its enrichment with new facts allowed the author of this article to propose a new term "Ophthalmopathy of prematurity", reflecting more fully the pathological process in the eye of a premature baby. Focusing only on the processes in the retina significantly narrows the doctor's thinking, reduces the objective assessment of changes in the eye, misses most of the negative ones, premature changes in the structures and functions of the eye that were not taken into account in the diagnosis of retinopathy. The accumulated clinical experience in the world and the results of many years of research of our department have shown that not only the retina suffers from this pathological process, but to a greater extent the choroid, the vessels of the anterior segment of the eyes and almost all structures of the eye (microphthalmos, corneal opacities, pupil overgrowth, cataracts, secondary glaucoma, dystrophy, folds, tears, rough pigmentation along the periphery of the retina, partial atrophy of the optic nerve, fibrotic changes of the vitreous body, anisometropia, amblyopia), which should be known, controlled and taken into account in the process of prevention, treatment and dispensary observation of patients. Insufficient attention to the huge number of negative manifestations of ROP reduces the quality of therapeutic measures. The proposed term "ophthalmopathy of prematurity" most fully reflects the morphophysiological changes in the eye, directing the ophthalmologist to an in-depth understanding and generalized study of this problem for the development of full-fledged, adequate therapeutic and preventive measures.
Abstract: Ophthalmopathy of prematurity (OH) was first described in 1942 by T. Terry and was named by him "Retrolental fibroplasia". Gradually, knowledge was accumulated that showed that retrolental fibroplasia is only the final stage of the process, and in 1951 Parker Heath proposed the term "Retinopathy of prematurity" (ROP). The development of science and...
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The First Preclinical Angiospastic Phase of Retinopathy (Оphthalmopathy) of Prematurity
Evgeny Ivanovich Sidorenko
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
165-169
Received:
2 September 2021
Accepted:
11 October 2021
Published:
10 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.12
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Abstract: Retinopathy (ophthalmopathy) of premature infants (ROP) continues to be one of the complex and unresolved problems of pediatric ophthalmology, giving a high percentage of visual disability. ROP is a vasoproliferative disease and occurs in premature infants with a frequency of 16 to 40% of cases. Every year, about 15 million premature babies are born in the world, while 32,300 of them remain blind or with residual vision due to ROP. Despite the success of pediatric ophthalmology, every 5 children with retinopathy of prematurity have low vision or blindness. Moreover, some patients by the age of 25-35 also lose their eyesight from the effects of retinopathy of prematurity. The power of the proliferative process in retinopathy, the speed and irreversibility of its development often plunges pediatric ophthalmic surgeons into despondency and pessimism. The lack of sufficient knowledge still keeps this problem important for ophthalmology. It's time to call retinopathy of prematurity a «tragedy of our time». Today, there are two phases in the course of retinopathy of prematurity: 1) active and 2) regressive or scarring. We propose to single out the first preclinical angiospastic phase of ROP development, which is not deservedly forgotten by ophthalmologists. Most ophthalmologists focus on the active or scar phase of ROP, but the preclinical phase (РР), which lasts about 1 month, attracts almost little attention of ophthalmologists. Meanwhile, during the first month of a premature baby's life, ophthalmologists usually take a wait-and-see attitude and do not carry out treatment, although at this time there are crisis morphofunctional changes in the eye. In the first preclinical, angiospastic phase, the pathogenesis of pathological angiogenesis is formed and new mechanisms of ROP prevention are determined. A thorough study of it will allow a radical revision of the strategy and tactics of diagnosis and treatment will enable early detection and treatment of ROP by stages. The lack of due attention to this phase delays the development of screening informative research schemes during this period, the search for the most significant risk factors for the development of ROP, the search for new methods of prevention and treatment.
Abstract: Retinopathy (ophthalmopathy) of premature infants (ROP) continues to be one of the complex and unresolved problems of pediatric ophthalmology, giving a high percentage of visual disability. ROP is a vasoproliferative disease and occurs in premature infants with a frequency of 16 to 40% of cases. Every year, about 15 million premature babies are bor...
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Assessment of Factors Associated with Low Measles Vaccine Effectiveness in Honkolo-Wabe District, Ethiopia
Merga Gonfa Bati,
Daba Mulleta,
Wakgari Deresa,
Bizuayehu Gurmesa
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
170-179
Received:
5 October 2021
Accepted:
28 October 2021
Published:
12 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.13
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Abstract: Background:-Measles is an acute illness and the most contagious childhood diseases. Almost all non-immune children contract this respiratory disease if exposed to the virus. The disease characterized by prodarmal fever, conjunctivitis, coryza and presence of Koplik spots. Prior to the introduction of vaccination programs, measles affected almost every child in the world. The expected sero conversion was estimated to 80-85% when 0.5ml live attenuated measles vaccine correctly administered subcutaneously at 9 months and more than 95% after 12months. This study was aimed to describe vaccine effectiveness and assess factors contributing to low measles vaccine effectiveness in Honkolo-Wabe district, Ethiopia. Methods:-Community based unmatched case-control study, involving 51 children who had previous measles illness were randomly selected and 153 controls were selected from the community three for each case in July, 2014. Vaccination status and other risk factors for the study children were ascertained through by interviewing mothers /care giver and observing the cold chain management. Epi-info version 7 was used for data analysis. Results:-Measles vaccine effectiveness was estimated at 70.9% [95% CI=65-79%]. Age of measles vaccine given, poor health seeking behavior of the community, number of dose and inappropriate vaccine transportation from district health office to health post, administration of reconstituted vaccine after 6hrs by HEW were identified as the contributing factors for low measles vaccine effectiveness in Honkolo-Wabe district. Contacting with laboratory confirmed or epidemiological linked measles cases statically significant regard to measles [OR=23.77, 95% CI=9.17-64.25]. Of the study participants 19.6%, 44.6% and 3.9% were received one, two and three doses of measles vaccine respectively. About 3.9%, 45.1% and 12.3% of the participants were received first dose of measles vaccination before, at 9month and after nine month respectively. However 18.6% of the study participants were not received 2nd does. Only 35.3% of the participants were received their second doses after 12month their birth. Conclusions:-Measles vaccine effectiveness was low. Age of children, number of dose, inappropriate vaccine transportation and utilization of reconstituted vaccine after 6hrs were contributing factors for low measles vaccine effectiveness. Regular monitoring and ensure of all birth cohort have received at least 2 doses of measles vaccine at 9month of their birth and above. Improve cold chain management at health post and use reconstituted vaccine within 6 hours.
Abstract: Background:-Measles is an acute illness and the most contagious childhood diseases. Almost all non-immune children contract this respiratory disease if exposed to the virus. The disease characterized by prodarmal fever, conjunctivitis, coryza and presence of Koplik spots. Prior to the introduction of vaccination programs, measles affected almost ev...
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Investigation of Changes in the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines Caused by Extract Silybum marianum L. in In-vitro and In-vivo
Amir Akbarnejad Eshkalak,
Hossein Maghsoudi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
180-193
Received:
9 October 2021
Accepted:
12 November 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14
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Abstract: In this paper, the effects of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum L. (AESM) on inflammation and reduction of cartilage destruction in a rabbit model with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis were investigated. AESM was able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes in blood and plasma was significantly diminished. The effect of AESM was compared with competing for chemical drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen among control and patient groups of rabbits with OA. The middle part of cartilage in rabbits was measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. It was found that AESM has caused the accumulation of indispensable proteoglycans of cartilage. Background: Researches indicate that silymarin is a compound that contains various properties like anty-inflammatory hepatoprotective, antioxidant, heart-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective activities. Clinical studies have been demonstrated that silymarin has very rare side effects at high doses (>1500 mg/day). Objective: The main aim of this study was to concentrate on the treatment of OA with the help of drugs with minimal side effects to decrease arthritis following the cessation of proinflammatory enzyme cascades. Methods: RNA extraction by ®TRIzol method (Carlsbad, Calif., USA), Convert RNA to cDNA (Malaysia‐Selangor), evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR, simulation of OA with the help of MIA, extraction with a rotary evaporator vacuum device, the MTT technique, isolation and culture of RFLS. Cartilage staining by method hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (Bio-Optica, Italy). In addition (MIA, 4mg/50μl, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Results: AESM decreased the expression of iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18 and TNF-α genes in RFLS cells and in cartilage and were confirmed the results by Real-Time PCR. The AESM almost caused a decrease in the percentage of cells stimulated by 50% which is a significant decrease compared to Dexamethasone and ibuprofen (NSAID). Therefore, it can be a worthy therapeutic purpose for OA patients in the future. Conclusions: AESM can compete meaningfully with drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen in the treatment of OA. Our experiments indicated that consumption administration of AESM reduces the expression of TNF-α, iL-6, iL-1α and iL-18 genes and can compete well with common drugs (Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen) in the treatment of OA. The effect of AESM intensified with increasing concentration and had no side effects at very high doses.
Abstract: In this paper, the effects of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum L. (AESM) on inflammation and reduction of cartilage destruction in a rabbit model with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis were investigated. AESM was able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including iL-6, iL-1α,...
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Procreation-Triggered Psychiatric Episodes, Maternal Mortality and Male Dominance in National Development: A Study of Selected Nigerian Gynotexts
Iwabi Abraham Modahunsi,
Emmanuel Babatunde Omobowale
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
194-199
Received:
13 November 2021
Accepted:
30 November 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.15
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Abstract: The hazards related to parturition hardly feature in androtexts (male-authored texts). This is because men do not personally experience the pang of labor during childbirth. That some women procreate without hurdles does not make many people to realize that there are other women who have complications during pregnancy, labor and after parturition. Procreation exerts untold pressure on women’s mental wellbeing, and it results into psychiatric episodes, protracted infirmity and maternal mortality, sometimes. This necessitates the reflection of women’s experiences in gynotexts (female-authored texts). The foci of this study are the exposition of the degeneration of childbirth into psychiatric conditions, maternal mortality and how gynotexts dwelling on literature and medicine could be used to project didactic lessons that make women to be less vulnerable to unwholesome health challenges during procreation. Denial of women’s participation in crucial national affairs is also given attention in this study. It is discovered in the study that Yejide’s delayed pregnancy results into a psychiatric condition called pseudocyesis in Adebayo Ayobami’s Stay with me. Rayesha is so much traumatized that she goes to the night market everyday in search of the baby she loses to miscarriage, in the short story maskheaded as “Night Market”, in Molara Wood’s Indigo. Parturition and mental dissonance are the thematic preoccupations of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Zikora. Women’s reproductive challenges make men dominate them in all spheres of national development. It is recommended that more gynotexts be prescribed to students studying literature to make them more conscious of the reproductive challenges women face.
Abstract: The hazards related to parturition hardly feature in androtexts (male-authored texts). This is because men do not personally experience the pang of labor during childbirth. That some women procreate without hurdles does not make many people to realize that there are other women who have complications during pregnancy, labor and after parturition. P...
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Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in a Cohort of Finnish NSCLC Patients with ALK Rearrangement Reflect Rapid Evolution in Treatment Practices
Heidi Loponen,
Juuso Paajanen,
Ville Vihervaara,
Saija Ylä-Viteli,
Klaus Tamminen,
Saku Torvinen4,
Jari Jokelainen,
Tero Ylisaukko-oja,
Maria Silvoniemi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
200-209
Received:
30 November 2021
Accepted:
15 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.16
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Abstract: Background: In Finland approximately 2,500 people are diagnosed with lung cancer annually. A small proportion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (3–7%) have tumorigenic rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene (ALK-positive). ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the standard of care for these patients, showing superior efficacy compared to traditional chemotherapy (CT). Due to the rapid development of novel next-generation ALK TKIs, treatment practices have undergone substantial changes. In Finnish real-life clinical practice the choice of treatment is largely determined by the reimbursement status of available drugs. We set out to assess the prevailing treatment practices and outcomes for NSCLC patients harbouring ALK rearrangement. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective, non-interventional, two-centre study. Adult NSCLC patients from the Hospital District of Southwest Finland and ALK-positive NSCLC patients from the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa diagnosed between 2013–2017 were included. Patients were followed until death or until the end of study period (May 2018). Data were extracted retrospectively from electronic health records from University Hospital data lakes. Results: A total of 1,260 patients were included, of which 60 were ALK-positive. ALK TKI regimens were mainly received in second and later lines of treatment. Median time-to-next treatment (TTNT) during ALK TKI treatment was 11.0 months (95% CI; 5.0–35.0) and during CT treatment 7.0 months (5.0–11.0) when assessed irrespective of treatment line (p=0.08). Patients who received at least one ALK TKI treatment regimen during the follow-up had median overall survival (OS) of 33.6 months (16.9–NR) from diagnosis vs. 11.5 months (4.6–NR) in patients who were treated with CT regimens only (p=0.054). Conclusions: ALK-positive patients benefit from treatment with ALK targeting agents in real-world clinical practice.
Abstract: Background: In Finland approximately 2,500 people are diagnosed with lung cancer annually. A small proportion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (3–7%) have tumorigenic rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene (ALK-positive). ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the standard of care for these patients, showing supe...
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