The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair; Abbas Elshikh Rahma; Sami Edriss Albasher; Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman; Hani Ahmed Mohammed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair, Abbas Elshikh Rahma, Sami Edriss Albasher, Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman, Hani Ahmed Mohammed

Published in Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 31 December 2021 Accepted: 30 March 2022 Published: 20 April 2022

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Abstract

Water production is considers as one of the most common operational problem associated with oil production; it is not only affect the economic benefits, it is also has an environmental impacts which affect the human life. The huge volume of water is very difficult to be handled or managed; the large amounts complicates the process and more efforts are needed to reduce the expected risk which is constantly increasing as water production increases. Many efforts was done to reduce the environmental impacts of the produced water; including re-using (such as injection, irrigation or other disposal methods) which require specific cost for treatment. Through this work, solar energy was used to distillate the produced water for reusing in oil field and evaluate its potential for irrigations. Samples were collected from the water injection station of Jake oilfield in the north east of Muglad basin in Sudan; the availability of the solar energy in the field offer a new source for the treatment with low cost. Series of laboratory experiments (pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) were conducted to estimate the properties of the produced water before and after distillation. A significant difference has been observed in the water properties before and after treating; the conductivity was decreased from 657 to 23.30 µs/cm, the total dissolve solid was decreased from 393 to 14.19 mg/L. Sulfate was decreased from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was decreased from 135.8 to 50.49 mg/L, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 96.0 to 121.9 mg/L before and after treating respectively. An evaluation was presented with respect to irrigation and fracturing fluid uses; the properties of 0.4% guar gum solution with Borates under shear rate of 170 S^-1 and different temperature was evaluated to address the ability of the treated water to perform fracturing fluid; while corn seeds were used to evaluate the irrigation ability. Good germinations performance was observed on corn seeds with the treated water; while the viscosity of the prepared fracturing fluid was increased randomly.

Published in	Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
Page(s)	10-15
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Produced Water, Contaminants, Treatment, Solar Energy, Fracturing Fluid

References

[1]	Arthur, J., Langhus, B. & Patel, C., 2005. Technical Summary of Oil & Gas Produced Water Treatment Technologies. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, ALL …, (March 2005), pp. 1–53.
[2]	Khiary M. M and Khair E. M.; (2016); Excessive Water Production Diagnosis and Strategies Analysis. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 2 (2), 110-120.
[3]	Ebenezer T. Igunnu, George Z. Chen; 2012 “Produced water treatment technologies”; International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 157–177, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cts049
[4]	Zara, Khatib; Verbeek, P. H. J. (2002); Water to Value - Produced Water Management for Sustainable Field Development of Mature and Green Fields; DOi- 10.2523/73853-MS.
[5]	Ahmadun, F. R., Pendashteh, A., Abdullah, L. C., Biak, D. R. A., Madaeni, S. S., Abidin, Z. Z. (2009). Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 530-551.
[6]	Rangarajan D, Beni AH and Henni A (2013) State of the art treatment of produced water, Water Treatment, 199-222.
[7]	Angelim, K., Lima, A., Souza, J., Neto, S., Oliveira, V., Moreira, G. (2017). Applying CFD in analysis of heavy oil/water separation process via hydrocyclone. International Journal of Multiphysics, 11 (2), 151-168.
[8]	B. R. Scanlon, R. C. Reedy, P. Xu, M. A. Engle, J. Nicot, D. Yoxtheimer, Q. Yang, S. Ikonnikova, Can we beneficially reuse produced water from oil and gas extraction in the U.S.? Sci. Total Environ. 717 (2020) 137085.
[9]	Fakhru l-Razi A, Pendashteh A, Abdullah LC, et al. Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. J Hazard Mater 2009; 170: 530–51.
[10]	Daniel Preston and Kami Nezhati, John Crane (2017); Oil in Water: Reducing Overboard Discharge – Case Study,- UK, Produced Water Workshop 2017, Aberdeen.
[11]	Masoud Nasiri, Iman Jafari & Behdad Parniankhoy (2017) Oil and Gas Produced Water Management: A Review of Treatment Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities, Chemical Engineering Communications, 204: 8, 990-1005, DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1330747.
[12]	Ebenezer T. I gunnu and George Z. Chen (2012) current technologies for the management of produced water.
[13]	Al-Ghouti, M. A., Al-Kaabi, M. A., Ashfaq, M. Y., Da´na, D. A. (2019). Produced water characteristics, treatment and reuse: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 28, 222-239.
[14]	Katharine Dahm, Michelle Chapman; 2014; "Produced Water Treatment Primer: Case Studies of Treatment Applications"; report https://www.usbr.gov/research/projects/detail.cfm?id=1617
[15]	Guerra, K., K. Dahm, S. Dundorf, 2011. “Oil and Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use in the Western United States.” Bureau of Reclamation DWPR.
[16]	Abdulaziz Jafar Abbas, Hatem Asal Gzar and Mahdi Nuhair Rahi (2021); Oilfield-Produced Water Characteristics and Treatment Technologies: A Mini Review; IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1058 012063.
[17]	SalehAl Kharabsheh and D. Y. Goswami “2004” Solar Distillation and Drying, Encyclopedia of Energy, Elsevier, 2004, Pages 597-606, ISBN 9780121764807.
[18]	Gopal N. Tiwari, Lovedeep Sahota, Chapter 14 - Exergy and Technoeconomic Analysis of Solar Thermal Desalination, Renewable Energy Powered.

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APA Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair, Abbas Elshikh Rahma, Sami Edriss Albasher, Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman, Hani Ahmed Mohammed. (2022). The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, 6(1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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ACS Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair; Abbas Elshikh Rahma; Sami Edriss Albasher; Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman; Hani Ahmed Mohammed. The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. J. Chem. Environ. Biol. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 10-15. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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AMA Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair, Abbas Elshikh Rahma, Sami Edriss Albasher, Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman, Hani Ahmed Mohammed. The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. J Chem Environ Biol Eng. 2022;6(1):10-15. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12,
  author = {Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair and Abbas Elshikh Rahma and Sami Edriss Albasher and Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman and Hani Ahmed Mohammed},
  title = {The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment},
  journal = {Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-15},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  abstract = {Water production is considers as one of the most common operational problem associated with oil production; it is not only affect the economic benefits, it is also has an environmental impacts which affect the human life. The huge volume of water is very difficult to be handled or managed; the large amounts complicates the process and more efforts are needed to reduce the expected risk which is constantly increasing as water production increases. Many efforts was done to reduce the environmental impacts of the produced water; including re-using (such as injection, irrigation or other disposal methods) which require specific cost for treatment. Through this work, solar energy was used to distillate the produced water for reusing in oil field and evaluate its potential for irrigations. Samples were collected from the water injection station of Jake oilfield in the north east of Muglad basin in Sudan; the availability of the solar energy in the field offer a new source for the treatment with low cost. Series of laboratory experiments (pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) were conducted to estimate the properties of the produced water before and after distillation. A significant difference has been observed in the water properties before and after treating; the conductivity was decreased from 657 to 23.30 µs/cm, the total dissolve solid was decreased from 393 to 14.19 mg/L. Sulfate was decreased from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was decreased from 135.8 to 50.49 mg/L, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 96.0 to 121.9 mg/L before and after treating respectively. An evaluation was presented with respect to irrigation and fracturing fluid uses; the properties of 0.4% guar gum solution with Borates under shear rate of 170 S-1 and different temperature was evaluated to address the ability of the treated water to perform fracturing fluid; while corn seeds were used to evaluate the irrigation ability. Good germinations performance was observed on corn seeds with the treated water; while the viscosity of the prepared fracturing fluid was increased randomly.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment
AU  - Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair
AU  - Abbas Elshikh Rahma
AU  - Sami Edriss Albasher
AU  - Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman
AU  - Hani Ahmed Mohammed
Y1  - 2022/04/20
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
T2  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
JF  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
JO  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
SP  - 10
EP  - 15
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-267X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
AB  - Water production is considers as one of the most common operational problem associated with oil production; it is not only affect the economic benefits, it is also has an environmental impacts which affect the human life. The huge volume of water is very difficult to be handled or managed; the large amounts complicates the process and more efforts are needed to reduce the expected risk which is constantly increasing as water production increases. Many efforts was done to reduce the environmental impacts of the produced water; including re-using (such as injection, irrigation or other disposal methods) which require specific cost for treatment. Through this work, solar energy was used to distillate the produced water for reusing in oil field and evaluate its potential for irrigations. Samples were collected from the water injection station of Jake oilfield in the north east of Muglad basin in Sudan; the availability of the solar energy in the field offer a new source for the treatment with low cost. Series of laboratory experiments (pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) were conducted to estimate the properties of the produced water before and after distillation. A significant difference has been observed in the water properties before and after treating; the conductivity was decreased from 657 to 23.30 µs/cm, the total dissolve solid was decreased from 393 to 14.19 mg/L. Sulfate was decreased from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was decreased from 135.8 to 50.49 mg/L, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 96.0 to 121.9 mg/L before and after treating respectively. An evaluation was presented with respect to irrigation and fracturing fluid uses; the properties of 0.4% guar gum solution with Borates under shear rate of 170 S-1 and different temperature was evaluated to address the ability of the treated water to perform fracturing fluid; while corn seeds were used to evaluate the irrigation ability. Good germinations performance was observed on corn seeds with the treated water; while the viscosity of the prepared fracturing fluid was increased randomly.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair

College of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Abbas Elshikh Rahma

College of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Sami Edriss Albasher

College of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman

College of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
Hani Ahmed Mohammed

College of Petroleum & Mining Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

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APA Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair, Abbas Elshikh Rahma, Sami Edriss Albasher, Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman, Hani Ahmed Mohammed. (2022). The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, 6(1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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ACS Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair; Abbas Elshikh Rahma; Sami Edriss Albasher; Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman; Hani Ahmed Mohammed. The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. J. Chem. Environ. Biol. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 10-15. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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AMA Style

Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair, Abbas Elshikh Rahma, Sami Edriss Albasher, Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman, Hani Ahmed Mohammed. The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment. J Chem Environ Biol Eng. 2022;6(1):10-15. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12,
  author = {Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair and Abbas Elshikh Rahma and Sami Edriss Albasher and Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman and Hani Ahmed Mohammed},
  title = {The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment},
  journal = {Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {10-15},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jcebe.20220601.12},
  abstract = {Water production is considers as one of the most common operational problem associated with oil production; it is not only affect the economic benefits, it is also has an environmental impacts which affect the human life. The huge volume of water is very difficult to be handled or managed; the large amounts complicates the process and more efforts are needed to reduce the expected risk which is constantly increasing as water production increases. Many efforts was done to reduce the environmental impacts of the produced water; including re-using (such as injection, irrigation or other disposal methods) which require specific cost for treatment. Through this work, solar energy was used to distillate the produced water for reusing in oil field and evaluate its potential for irrigations. Samples were collected from the water injection station of Jake oilfield in the north east of Muglad basin in Sudan; the availability of the solar energy in the field offer a new source for the treatment with low cost. Series of laboratory experiments (pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) were conducted to estimate the properties of the produced water before and after distillation. A significant difference has been observed in the water properties before and after treating; the conductivity was decreased from 657 to 23.30 µs/cm, the total dissolve solid was decreased from 393 to 14.19 mg/L. Sulfate was decreased from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was decreased from 135.8 to 50.49 mg/L, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 96.0 to 121.9 mg/L before and after treating respectively. An evaluation was presented with respect to irrigation and fracturing fluid uses; the properties of 0.4% guar gum solution with Borates under shear rate of 170 S-1 and different temperature was evaluated to address the ability of the treated water to perform fracturing fluid; while corn seeds were used to evaluate the irrigation ability. Good germinations performance was observed on corn seeds with the treated water; while the viscosity of the prepared fracturing fluid was increased randomly.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Use of Solar Energy for Produced Water Treatment
AU  - Elham Mohammed Mohammed Khair
AU  - Abbas Elshikh Rahma
AU  - Sami Edriss Albasher
AU  - Eltayeeb Ibrahim Suliman
AU  - Hani Ahmed Mohammed
Y1  - 2022/04/20
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
T2  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
JF  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
JO  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
SP  - 10
EP  - 15
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-267X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20220601.12
AB  - Water production is considers as one of the most common operational problem associated with oil production; it is not only affect the economic benefits, it is also has an environmental impacts which affect the human life. The huge volume of water is very difficult to be handled or managed; the large amounts complicates the process and more efforts are needed to reduce the expected risk which is constantly increasing as water production increases. Many efforts was done to reduce the environmental impacts of the produced water; including re-using (such as injection, irrigation or other disposal methods) which require specific cost for treatment. Through this work, solar energy was used to distillate the produced water for reusing in oil field and evaluate its potential for irrigations. Samples were collected from the water injection station of Jake oilfield in the north east of Muglad basin in Sudan; the availability of the solar energy in the field offer a new source for the treatment with low cost. Series of laboratory experiments (pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)) were conducted to estimate the properties of the produced water before and after distillation. A significant difference has been observed in the water properties before and after treating; the conductivity was decreased from 657 to 23.30 µs/cm, the total dissolve solid was decreased from 393 to 14.19 mg/L. Sulfate was decreased from 7.0 to 0.7 mg/L; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was decreased from 135.8 to 50.49 mg/L, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 96.0 to 121.9 mg/L before and after treating respectively. An evaluation was presented with respect to irrigation and fracturing fluid uses; the properties of 0.4% guar gum solution with Borates under shear rate of 170 S-1 and different temperature was evaluated to address the ability of the treated water to perform fracturing fluid; while corn seeds were used to evaluate the irrigation ability. Good germinations performance was observed on corn seeds with the treated water; while the viscosity of the prepared fracturing fluid was increased randomly.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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