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Research Article
European Directive 2013/40 and Digital Forensics
Ljubiša Zdravković*
,
Milica Zdravković Jovanović
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
1-8
Received:
1 September 2025
Accepted:
15 September 2025
Published:
16 January 2026
Abstract: European Directive 2013/40 is the first comprehensive document created by the EU in the field of cyber security. It represents the EU's comprehensive vision of how to best prevent and respond to cyber interference and attacks, and on the other hand, enable the development of information technologies. It promotes respect for basic EU values, defines illegal behavior, advocates the application of existing international regulations in the field of high-tech crime, assists other countries outside the EU in building capacity to fight high-tech crime, and promotes cooperation in this area. The speed of technological development has influenced the development of digital forensics as a young scientific discipline, which, together with the parallel development of other sciences, applies new methods that affect the speed and simplicity of collecting solid evidence, investigates anti-forensic activities, with the aim of discovering the truth about committed illegal act. In response to high-tech crime, there was a need for the development of a new scientific discipline that will deal with it, as well as the regulation of legal bases related to the successful prosecution of criminal offenses in this area. Digital forensics is the application of investigation methods and analysis techniques in order to find suitable evidence for the court, in high-tech crimes. In order to prove the committed illegal acts and prosecute and sanction their perpetrators, it is necessary to apply the procedures of digital forensics as a scientific discipline with extremely significant practical application. Precisely digital forensics as a relatively new scientific discipline (established in 1999 by IECO - International Organization on Digital Evidence) provides the only reliable tool for the investigation of high-tech crime, the acquisition and analysis of digital data and the preparation and presentation of digital evidence before the court. It should be emphasized that for a digital forensic scientist, the monitoring and development of information technologies is of crucial importance. Sometimes differences in the operating system or version of a program are essential. That is why it is important to have digital forensic experts profiled according to their professional field (operating systems, databases, network systems, as well as profiling according to other ICT systems).
Abstract: European Directive 2013/40 is the first comprehensive document created by the EU in the field of cyber security. It represents the EU's comprehensive vision of how to best prevent and respond to cyber interference and attacks, and on the other hand, enable the development of information technologies. It promotes respect for basic EU values, defines...
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Research Article
Design of a Quantum Resistant Cryptography Algorithm for Blockchain Network Using Modified Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation
Fagbohunmi Grifin Siji*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
9-30
Received:
30 December 2025
Accepted:
12 January 2026
Published:
5 June 2026
Abstract: Due to the continuous development of Quantum computing, it is envisaged that in the near future, classical cryptography will no longer be considered secure, these will make systems which rely on them become outdated. One of such system is the Blockchain networks used in diverse applications, such as cryptocurrency, banks, supply chain management , just to mention but a fe .Current algorithms used to secure Blockchain networks such as Rivest-Shamir Adieman (RSA), Secure Hash Algorithm, 256 bit (SHA 256) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) are prone to quantum attacks.. They all employ the traditional cryptography techniques which are prone to attack by Quantum computing algorithms It has been shown that Shor’s and Grover’s algorithm can easily compromise asymmetric encryption by increasing the rate at which brute force attack can be implemented. As a result of these development it becomes imperative to design an efficient quantum resistant blockchain algorithm capable of protecting decentralised systems like banks and corporate organizations from Quantum computing threats. The aim of this paper is to design a novel Quantum resistant cryptography algorithm (QRCA) that can protect systems from Quantum computing attacks. The algorithm consist of code-based Modified Bit Flipping key exchange (MBIKE) and Post-Quantum Pseudorandom Number Generators (PQ-PRNGs) to create Quantum resistant blockchain encrypting protocol. The traditional classical encrypting techniques is now replaced with a new code based cryptography protocol, MBIKE is a key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) which is usually regarded as a post quantum key distribution protocol and it can therefore be a good replacement for Quantum Key distribution (QKD). MBIKE is able to protect blockchain networks from eavesdropping, while PQ-PRNG provides randomness in cryptography key distribution, which aids in making the cryptographic keys difficult to compute by hackers. The code-based key generation helps to build a secure error detecting and correcting codes. The protocol designed in the paper improves the accuracy of encryption, secure key exchange and immunity to quantum hacking with only a little overhead. The operation of the protocol enhances network transparency as well protect the blockchain network from yet to be identified quantum threats. Experimental analysis show that the protocol guarantees 99.5% protection of blockchain networks against quantum attacks, thereby enhancing the economy of large decentralized networks used in multinational corporations.
Abstract: Due to the continuous development of Quantum computing, it is envisaged that in the near future, classical cryptography will no longer be considered secure, these will make systems which rely on them become outdated. One of such system is the Blockchain networks used in diverse applications, such as cryptocurrency, banks, supply chain management , ...
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Research Article
Enhanced Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol for Optimized Network Performance and Security in Enterprise Environments
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 1, June 2026
Pages:
31-39
Received:
7 May 2026
Accepted:
30 May 2026
Published:
12 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.net.20261301.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This study presents an enhanced Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) framework designed to improve network reliability, performance, and security in enterprise environments. As organizations increasingly depend on uninterrupted internet connectivity for critical operations, conventional redundancy mechanisms often struggle with latency, failover delays, packet loss, and security vulnerabilities. These limitations can lead to service interruptions and reduced Quality of Service (QoS), particularly in large-scale campus and enterprise networks. To address these challenges, the proposed framework integrates VRRP with First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP), Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), and dynamic access control mechanisms to provide a more secure and fault-tolerant network architecture. The proposed model was implemented and tested using Cisco Packet Tracer within a simulated campus network environment consisting of dual Internet Service Provider (ISP) links. The implementation focused on ensuring seamless failover, efficient load balancing, and secure routing operations during network disruptions. Performance evaluation was conducted using key metrics such as failover time, packet loss, and QoS performance. Experimental results revealed an average failover time of 11 seconds with zero packet loss during transition between active and standby routers, demonstrating significant improvements in network stability and service continuity. Furthermore, the integration of security-aware dynamic access control mechanisms reduced the risk of unauthorized routing participation and strengthened overall network protection. The findings indicate that the enhanced VRRP framework effectively eliminates single points of failure while supporting adaptive load balancing and secure redundancy management. The study therefore contributes to the development of scalable and resilient enterprise network infrastructures capable of maintaining high availability under varying operational conditions. In addition, the proposed framework provides practical insights for network engineers, system administrators, and researchers seeking reliable solutions for improving redundancy, security, and performance in modern enterprise and campus network environments.
Abstract: This study presents an enhanced Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) framework designed to improve network reliability, performance, and security in enterprise environments. As organizations increasingly depend on uninterrupted internet connectivity for critical operations, conventional redundancy mechanisms often struggle with latency, failov...
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