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Research Article
Dietary Diversity and Household Income Status Among Pregnant Women in Mbulu District, Tanzania
Paul Hudson*
,
Happiness Muhimbula,
Theobald Mosha
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
48-63
Received:
27 January 2025
Accepted:
20 February 2025
Published:
7 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jfns.20251302.11
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Abstract: Introduction: Dietary diversity ensures that pregnant women consume the necessary range of nutrients from various food groups for the best possible outcomes for maternal health. Maternal health and fetal development are weakened by nutrient deficits caused by inadequate dietary diversity, typified by income constraints, and frequently restricted consumption of varied food categories. This study aimed to assess pregnant women's dietary diversity and household income status in Mbulu district, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used among 384 pregnant women. Pregnant women were selected by using a systematic random sampling method. Eight health facilities were selected using a purposive sampling method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained enumerators using a structured questionnaire that was divided into three sections to collect information on (i) socio-demographic characteristics, (ii) Dietary diversity, and (iii) Household income status. The Pearson Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis were used to compare and test the association of dietary diversity and household income status to pregnant women's characteristics. Dietary diversity was evaluated using the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score (MDDS), while household income status was measured through income and expenditure data. Results: The findings revealed that about 43% of pregnant women had inadequate dietary diversity, while 57% had adequate dietary diversity. Dietary diversity was significantly associated with residential location areas (p = 0.016), education level (p = 0.045), and family size (p= 0.041). Results from logistic regression analysis showed that dietary diversity was associated with having residence in rural Mbulu district areas (OR = 0.357, p-value < 0.003), having a secondary education level (OR = 3.958, p-value < 0.007) and no formal education (OR = 1.122, p-value < 0.02), having average monthly household Income (OR = 4.934, p-value < 0.000) and husband (male partner) support (OR = 3.713, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, results from Chi-square test an average monthly household income (p = 0.001), food budget expenditure (p = 0.018), and food expenditure ability (p =0.000) were significantly associated with dietary diversity among pregnant women (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, forty-three pregnant women had inadequate dietary diversity due to lower-income household level restricting access to diverse and nutritious food groups. Therefore, policymakers should encourage more dietary diversity and general maternal health requirements to raise sustainable household income-generating activities and improve nutrition education programs.
Abstract: Introduction: Dietary diversity ensures that pregnant women consume the necessary range of nutrients from various food groups for the best possible outcomes for maternal health. Maternal health and fetal development are weakened by nutrient deficits caused by inadequate dietary diversity, typified by income constraints, and frequently restricted co...
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Research Article
The Contributions of Rumen8-Formulated Balanced Rations on the Performance of Lactating Crossbreed Cows in Rukungiri District, South Western Uganda
Joan Atukunda*,
Gershom Nuwemuhwezi,
Bahame David
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
64-79
Received:
16 January 2025
Accepted:
12 February 2025
Published:
11 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jfns.20251302.12
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Abstract: This study investigated the contributions of Rumen8 software-formulated balanced rations on the performance of lactating crossbreed cows in Rukungiri District, Southwestern Uganda. The study aimed to assess the level of awareness and utilization of Rumen8 software among dairy farmers for formulating balanced rations, evaluate the perceived benefits and challenges of implementing Rumen8-formulated rations, and identify the factors influencing the adoption or rejection of the software. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, an data were collected from 124 respondents using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the level of awareness of Rumen8 software among dairy farmers was moderate, with 58.1% of respondents aware of the software. However, only 42.7% of farmers actively utilized it to formulate balanced rations, indicating limited adoption. The perceived benefits of using Rumen8 were significant, with 77.4% of respondents reporting increased milk yield, 67.7% observing improved cow health, 55.6% noting better reproductive performance, and 54.8% perceiving more consistent feed quality. Furthermore, 50.0% of respondents reported a reduction in feeding-related diseases, while 22.6% indicated cost savings on feed. Results established the key challenges to utilization of Rumen8 software as resistance to change from traditional feeding practices (p=0.000), technical difficulties with the software (p=0.021), difficulty in understanding ration recommendations (p=0.044), and limited access to necessary technology such as computers and smartphones (p=0.036). Additionally, lack of technical support (p=0.007) emerged as a significant barrier, while the high cost of recommended ingredients (p=0.124) was the least significant challenge. Results established the most significant the factors influencing the adoption or rejection of Rumen8-formulated balanced rations among dairy farmers as access to extension services (P=0.000), peer influence (p=0.001), education levels and availability of trainings (p=0.008), Income levels (p=0.006), access to information (p=0.000), understanding software benefits (p=0.000) and the leas significant factor as farm size (p=0.648). while Rumen8 software offers substantial benefits in improving milk yield, cow health, and overall dairy farm productivity, its adoption is constrained by both technological and behavioral challenges. The study recommends enhancing farmer access to extension services, improving technical support, and conducting comprehensive training programs to boost the adoption and utilization of Rumen8 among dairy farmers in Rukungiri District. These efforts would contribute to the sustainable improvement of dairy production and livelihoods in the region.
Abstract: This study investigated the contributions of Rumen8 software-formulated balanced rations on the performance of lactating crossbreed cows in Rukungiri District, Southwestern Uganda. The study aimed to assess the level of awareness and utilization of Rumen8 software among dairy farmers for formulating balanced rations, evaluate the perceived benefits...
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Research Article
Traditional Processing Method and Nutritional Composition of Kanwa Koko, a Saltpeter-Based Pearl Millet Porridge
Fortune Akabanda*,
Richard Atinpore Atuna
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
80-84
Received:
16 February 2025
Accepted:
28 February 2025
Published:
18 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jfns.20251302.13
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Abstract: Porridges are widely consumed throughout Ghana and beyond and are an important part of most households' daily diet. Kanwa Koko is a Ghanaian indigenous porridge made from unfermented pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) using indigenous traditional processing methods at micro industry levels or in-home-based operations. Saltpeter is usually added as an ingredient during processing, giving it a unique greenish color. This study investigated the traditional processing and proximate characteristics of Kanwa Koko. The Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods were used to determine the proximate composition of the samples. The results generated were analysed with GenStat statistical software Twelfth Edition for descriptive statistics. GenStat (ANOVA) was also used to determine the differences among the proximate values followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The results revealed that Kanwa koko is an alkaline porridge with a pH of 8.33 to 8.00. The proximate composition of Kanwa koko are: carbohydrates (1.60±0.91), proteins (8.32±0.08), fats content (0.98±0.05), ash/minerals (6.37±0.04), and high moisture content (82.73±0.99). The high moisture content is good for quenching thirst; however, this predisposes kanwa koko to spoilage. This is because increased moisture content can enhance microbial activities, leading to deterioration. The proximate composition is an essential criterion for determining the nutritional values and quality of food. The traditional processing as well as the proximate composition of Kanwa koko has been scientifically documented, and a comprehensive process flow diagram has been developed. This serves as a foundational framework for future research, enabling standardized conditions to ensure the consistent production of Kanwa koko.
Abstract: Porridges are widely consumed throughout Ghana and beyond and are an important part of most households' daily diet. Kanwa Koko is a Ghanaian indigenous porridge made from unfermented pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) using indigenous traditional processing methods at micro industry levels or in-home-based operations. Saltpeter is usually added as a...
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Review Article
Lion’s Mane for Your Brain and Body
Mike Amaranthus*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 2, April 2025
Pages:
85-92
Received:
18 February 2025
Accepted:
6 March 2025
Published:
21 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jfns.20251302.14
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Abstract: Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) is a unique and fascinating mushroom species. Lion’s mane is saprophytic, meaning it feeds on decaying organic material, particularly dead trees, fallen logs and wounded trees. Native to both North America and Eurasia, lion’s mane mushrooms are easy to identify and are most commonly foraged during late summer and autumn on hardwood trees. They are also cultivated and available as supplements year-round in markets, health food stores and online. Lion’s mane is a versatile ingredient in the kitchen, perfect for marinating, sautéing, barbecuing, stir-frying, or baking. Lion’s mane taste and texture is often compared to crab or other seafood, which makes it a highly sought-after edible mushroom species. Lion’s mane has a long history of medicinal use in Asian cultures, dating back millennia. Recent research indicates potential health benefits include avoiding dementia and improving cognitive function; easing depression and anxiety; reducing risk of heart disease; diminishing diabetes symptoms and improved immune system function. Evidence of improved cognitive function has been particularly significant and well documented. Certain individuals should avoid consuming lion’s mane mushrooms or supplements due to potential health risks. This includes individuals with bleeding disorders or taking blood thinners and people with diabetes taking blood sugar-lowering medications. While published peer reviewed scientific studies of lion’s mane mushrooms effects continues to grow, much of the current evidence is based on non-human animal and laboratory studies. More human research is needed to determine the full extent of its health benefits for a growing interested public. Nonetheless, the identification of specific lion’s mane bioactive compounds, hericenones and erinacines, has sparked significant interest in both research and medical communities, paving the way for future applications in brain, heart, blood, and overall health.
Abstract: Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus) is a unique and fascinating mushroom species. Lion’s mane is saprophytic, meaning it feeds on decaying organic material, particularly dead trees, fallen logs and wounded trees. Native to both North America and Eurasia, lion’s mane mushrooms are easy to identify and are most commonly foraged during late summer and au...
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