Review Article
Current Clinical Applications of Entecavir in Hepatitis B Viruses Infection
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
68-84
Received:
27 October 2025
Accepted:
7 November 2025
Published:
17 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.11
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Abstract: Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies confirms that ETV achieves sustained viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and histological improvement, contributing to reduced long-term risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pharmacokinetic properties and antiviral effectiveness have been established in both treatment-naïve and lamivudine-resistant patients. ETV maintains clinical utility in various special populations, including individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, post-transplant status, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. In these groups, ETV retains efficacy with limited drug-drug interactions and a generally mild adverse-event profile. Optimal adherence to therapy remains essential to ensure sustained viral suppression and minimize the risk of treatment failure. In addition to established clinical roles, emerging research has explored new formulations and potential therapeutic applications of ETV, including long-acting delivery strategies and its possible relevance in oncologic contexts. These developments highlight continued interest in optimizing the use of ETV in HBV management. Overall, ETV remains a well-supported antiviral agent that combines durable efficacy, safety, and broad applicability in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Abstract: Entecavir (ETV) is a guanosine nucleoside analogue widely used in the management of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. It demonstrates consistent antiviral activity, favourable tolerability, and a high genetic barrier to resistance, making it a reliable option across diverse clinical settings. Evidence from clinical trials and real-world st...
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Case Report
Hookworm - Associated Iron Deficiency Anemia at Age Extremes: Two Case Reports from North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Diana Shintawati Purwanto
,
Josef Sem Berth Tuda*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
85-92
Received:
6 November 2025
Accepted:
20 November 2025
Published:
19 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijidt.20251004.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide and remains a significant health concern in tropical countries where parasitic infections are endemic. Hookworm infestation is a leading but frequently overlooked etiology due to its subtle clinical manifestations and limited routine parasitological testing. We describe two contrasting cases of severe hookworm-related IDA from North Sulawesi, Indonesia: a 72-year-old woman and a 1-year-old infant. Both patients presented with profound microcytic hypochromic anemia but without overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Laboratory evaluation confirmed severe iron deficiency, while stool microscopy revealed hookworm eggs at early cleavage stages, establishing the diagnosis. Despite similar causes, their clinical courses diverged. The infant, whose anemia was compounded by inadequate weaning nutrition, responded rapidly to transfusion, iron supplementation, and single-dose albendazole. The elderly patient, with chronic cumulative exposure from barefoot walking in rural areas, improved more slowly following transfusion, prolonged iron therapy, and a short course of albendazole. These cases highlight the need for routine stool examination in all patients with unexplained IDA in endemic areas, regardless of age. They further emphasize gaps in deworming programs, which often exclude high-risk groups such as infants and older adults. Expanding preventive measures is essential to reduce morbidity and long-term complications.
Abstract: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide and remains a significant health concern in tropical countries where parasitic infections are endemic. Hookworm infestation is a leading but frequently overlooked etiology due to its subtle clinical manifestations and limited routine parasitological testing. We describe two co...
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