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Case Report
Page Kidney Secondary to Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Definitive Surgical Management with Sustained Normotension: A Case Report with Literature Review
Venugopal H. G.
,
Mukund Mangarai*,
Akshay Patil
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
67-73
Received:
7 July 2026
Accepted:
20 July 2026
Published:
10 August 2026
Abstract: Background: Page kidney is an uncommon but reversible cause of secondary hypertension due to extrinsic compression of the renal parenchyma, triggering activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Pancreatic pseudocysts are a well-recognized complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis and are a rare cause of this phenomenon. Case Presentation: A 21-year-old previously normotensive male presented to the Surgical Gastroenterology (SGE) Out-patient Department (OPD) with dull aching upper abdominal pain for 8 days and progressive abdominal distension for 6 months. At presentation patient had new-onset hypertension (150/100 mmHg) incidentally detected on admission. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen revealed chronic calcific pancreatitis with a massive pancreatic tail pseudocyst (~1500 mL) extending into the left perirenal space, near-complete encasement of the left kidney, with a persistent nephrogram on delayed phase imaging, a pathognomonic radiological feature of ‘Page kidney’. The patient underwent laparotomy and Roux-en-Y cysto-jejunostomy in view of persistent abdominal symptoms and showed complete normalization of blood pressure. Patient remained normotensive and asymptomatic at 6 months on follow-up. Discussion: Page kidney secondary to a pancreatic pseudocyst is an exceptionally rare cause of secondary hypertension with very few cases reported in the world literature. All the patients reported in literature were managed conservatively by non-operative management, involving anti-hypertensives and USG (ultrasound) guided pigtail insertion. However, our case describes the management of a page kidney secondary to a pseudocyst by Roux-en-Y cysto-jejunostomy as a definitive therapy, achieving sustained medication-free normotension. Conclusion: Page kidney is a rare, curable cause of secondary hypertension. Early management helps prevent deterioration and salvage of renal function. Surgical drainage procedures are a feasible and durable alternative to conservative management in selected patients, particularly those with recurrent or complex pancreatic pseudocysts.
Abstract: Background: Page kidney is an uncommon but reversible cause of secondary hypertension due to extrinsic compression of the renal parenchyma, triggering activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Pancreatic pseudocysts are a well-recognized complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis and are a rare cause of this phenomenon. Case...
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Research Article
Corticosteroid-Induced Candida Albicans Colonization of an Intragastric Balloon: A Case Report and Literature Review
Atteyat Aboelmaged Semeya*,
Walaa Elsaeed,
Mahmoud Ahmed Hassan,
Shahenda Hossam
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
74-79
Received:
17 July 2026
Accepted:
4 August 2026
Published:
20 August 2026
Abstract: Background: Intragastric balloons (IGBs) are temporary endoscopic devices used for weight management in patients with obesity; while bacterial colonization of IGBs is well recognized, fungal infection remains rarely reported. Case Presentation: We describe a 24-year-old male who developed candidal infection of an intragastric balloon after completing a 14-day course of dexamethasone (8 mg daily), equivalent to approximately 53 mg of prednisone daily, prescribed for presumed allergic rhinitis. Six weeks after balloon placement for obesity management (body mass index [BMI]: 37.2 kg/m²), he presented with epigastric discomfort, nausea, and intermittent vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed extensive white-cream fungal plaques covering the balloon surface with mild surrounding mucosal erythema. Microbiological analysis of gastric aspirate confirmed Candida albicans (>10⁵ colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) on culture, with positive potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The balloon was removed endoscopically and the patient was treated with fluconazole (400 mg loading dose, then 200 mg daily for 14 days), with complete symptom resolution within five days and eradication confirmed on repeat endoscopy and culture at four weeks. Conclusion: This case illustrates that even short-term corticosteroid therapy can predispose patients with an indwelling IGB to opportunistic fungal colonization. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for fungal infection in IGB patients who develop new gastrointestinal symptoms during or after immunosuppressive therapy, and early endoscopic evaluation, balloon removal, and antifungal therapy achieve favorable outcomes.
Abstract: Background: Intragastric balloons (IGBs) are temporary endoscopic devices used for weight management in patients with obesity; while bacterial colonization of IGBs is well recognized, fungal infection remains rarely reported. Case Presentation: We describe a 24-year-old male who developed candidal infection of an intragastric balloon after completi...
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Research Article
Energy Drink Consumption, Gastritis, and Anxiety Disorders: A Narrative Review of the Evidence and Proposed Mechanistic Links
Atteyat Aboelmaged Semeya*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
80-84
Received:
17 July 2026
Accepted:
4 August 2026
Published:
27 August 2026
Abstract: Energy drink (ED) consumption has increased sharply worldwide over the past two decades, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Two health domains have drawn growing clinical attention: gastrointestinal mucosal injury, as documented on upper endoscopy, and psychiatric symptoms, particularly anxiety. This narrative review synthesizes the available evidence linking ED consumption to (1) endoscopic and histologic gastritis and (2) anxiety disorders, and examines the gut-brain axis as a plausible bidirectional mechanism connecting the two. The evidence base consists mainly of case reports, small case series, cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies, and animal models; controlled human trials isolating EDs as a discrete exposure are scarce. Caffeine, the dominant pharmacologically active constituent of most EDs, plausibly contributes to both outcomes through distinct but potentially interacting pathways: stimulation of gastric acid secretion and impairment of mucosal defenses on one hand, and antagonism of adenosine A1/A2A receptors with downstream effects on serotonergic and noradrenergic signaling on the other. No existing study has directly quantified a combined triad of ED exposure, endoscopic gastritis, and anxiety disorder within a single cohort, and therefore no pooled effect estimate can be responsibly reported for this specific combination. This review instead maps the separate literatures, highlights converging mechanistic plausibility, and identifies methodological gaps that limit causal inference, including confounding by caffeine from other sources, alcohol co-ingestion, sleep disruption, and reliance on self-reported consumption.
Abstract: Energy drink (ED) consumption has increased sharply worldwide over the past two decades, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Two health domains have drawn growing clinical attention: gastrointestinal mucosal injury, as documented on upper endoscopy, and psychiatric symptoms, particularly anxiety. This narrative review synthesizes the a...
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Review Article
The Synbiotic Potential of GOS and Lactobacillus reuteri in Improving Gut Comfort and Supporting Brain, Bone and Muscle Development
Swapan Kumar Halder*,
Alomgir Hossain,
Faisal Hasan,
Mehedi Hasan,
Belfar Hossain,
Moin Uddin Talukder
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2026
Pages:
85-93
Received:
31 August 2026
Accepted:
11 September 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijg.20261002.14
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Views:
Abstract: The initial years of childhood is a crucial stage of development marked by rapid growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal system and immune function, brain growth, and establishment of musculoskeletal function. During this period, nutrition plays a fundamental role not only by providing essential nutrients but also by shaping the gut microbiota, which acts as an important regulator of digestion, metabolism, immunity, and systemic development. Increasing evidence highlights the potential of synbiotic nutrition, combining prebiotics and probiotics, as an effective strategy for maintaining a favorable intestinal environment while promoting broader developmental outcomes. Among commonly studied prebiotic compounds, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have received considerable attention for their role in shaping intestinal microbial communities. They selectively stimulate beneficial intestinal microorganisms, particularly Bifidobacterium, promoting microbial balance while encouraging bacterial fermentation processes that generate health-supporting compounds, including SCFAs. Lactobacillus reuteri is a beneficial bacterial strain naturally present in the gastrointestinal tract and contributes to gut homeostasis through microbial competition, antimicrobial activity, immune modulation, and support for the structural and functional integrity of the intestinal lining. The combined biological effects produced when GOS is used together with L. reuteri create a synbiotic environment that supports better gastrointestinal tolerance and normal intestinal maturation. Beyond gastrointestinal benefits, a growing body of research indicates that intestinal microbial communities may have effects extending beyond the digestive system, involving multiple organ systems through complex communication networks, including the gut-brain axis, gut-bone axis, and gut-muscle axis. Microbial metabolites, immune mediators, and improved nutrient utilization may contribute to neurological maturation, cognitive development, bone mineralization, and muscle growth.
Abstract: The initial years of childhood is a crucial stage of development marked by rapid growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal system and immune function, brain growth, and establishment of musculoskeletal function. During this period, nutrition plays a fundamental role not only by providing essential nutrients but also by shaping the gut microbiot...
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