Research Article
Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene Facilities as Risk Factors for Diarrhea among Primary School Pupils in Kube-Atenda Community, Ibadan, Nigeria
Oriade Mosunmola Morayo,
Adejumo Mumuni*
,
Oloruntoba Omoladun Elizabeth
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
62-73
Received:
31 January 2025
Accepted:
18 February 2025
Published:
18 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsdr.20251102.11
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Abstract: This study assessed water sources, sanitation, and hygiene facilities as risk factors for diarrhea among primary school pupils in Kube-Atenda community, Ibadan. The cross-sectional design employed a 3-stage random sampling technique to select Kube-Atenda community, 5 Schools and 184 participants. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data among pupils, WaSH facilities were observed at 5 schools using observational checklist while the sanitary risk scores of the water collection points were computed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square at p=0.05. Respondents’ mean age bracket was 11.1±1.4 years, 50.5% were males while 56% of the pupils reported cases of diarrhea. Observation revealed that the water sources in all the schools had a form of risk such as inadequate fence or drainage, absence of apron, inadequate cover, floor around the borehole permeable to water. The risk scores revealed that two schools' water sources were at a high risk of contamination. Several (40%) of the schools had basic water supply, 40% had basic sanitation facilities and none had basic hygiene facilities. A significant association existed between type of toilet facility used – single sex toilet, handwashing after using the toilet – and the reported recent episode of diarrhea. Two schools’ water sources were at a high risk of contamination, none of the schools had a basic hygiene service while more than half of the pupils reported cases of diarrhea. Intervention to improve sanitary conditions of the water sources and provide basic sanitation and hygiene facilities is essential to reduce the incidence of diarrhea among pupils in Kube-Atenda community.
Abstract: This study assessed water sources, sanitation, and hygiene facilities as risk factors for diarrhea among primary school pupils in Kube-Atenda community, Ibadan. The cross-sectional design employed a 3-stage random sampling technique to select Kube-Atenda community, 5 Schools and 184 participants. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data a...
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Research Article
Investment Decisions and the Effectiveness of Mobile Deposit Money Banking Agents in Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
74-83
Received:
29 January 2025
Accepted:
12 February 2025
Published:
28 March 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsdr.20251102.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This study explores investment decision-making strategies employed by mobile money agents in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the impact on agent capabilities and risk and uncertainty. The theoretical framework integrates transaction cost theory and the Modigliani-Miller theorem, highlighting the role of cost efficiency, financial structures, and market imperfections in shaping investment decisions. Using a descriptive research method and inferential analysis, data were collected via questionnaires from 60 mobile money agents in South-South Nigeria, with 49 valid responses analyzed using Pearson product movement correlation coefficient and aided with SPSS version 25.0. The findings from correlational analysis results suggest that investment decisions have positive and significant relationship with business effectiveness. Key findings reveal that risk and uncertainty significantly influence investment decisions, often prompting cautious behavior among agents. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of tools such as diversification, financial modeling, and scenario analysis in mitigating investment risks. In conclusion, mobile money banking agent should invest their resources or finance on any business venture that can help them accomplish their goals. The results further highlight that factors such as risk tolerance, market conditions, and access to reliable information play pivotal roles in shaping investment strategies. The study concludes by recommending targeted training programs, improved access to financial resources, and strategic frameworks to help agents navigate the complexities of investment decision-making in dynamic and uncertain environments. The study gave useful perception of mobile money agents and why they should get the right knowledge and know how on how to manage finance as this will help them see reasons to invest more money on mobile money business. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on investment behavior, emphasizing the need for evidence-based approaches to enhance decision-making among mobile money agents.
Abstract: This study explores investment decision-making strategies employed by mobile money agents in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the impact on agent capabilities and risk and uncertainty. The theoretical framework integrates transaction cost theory and the Modigliani-Miller theorem, highlighting the role of cost efficiency, financial structures, a...
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