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Research Article
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Contemporary Advances in Diagnosis and Management-A Clinical Update
Vicente Manuel Martinez Cardenas*
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
75-85
Received:
22 August 2026
Accepted:
4 September 2026
Published:
22 September 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.frontiers.20260903.11
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Abstract: Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood and is associated with substantial academic, behavioral, social, emotional, and health-related burdens. Contemporary care extends beyond symptom identification to include developmentally informed assessment, recognition of comorbidities, shared decision-making, and measurement-based multimodal treatment. Objective: To provide an updated, clinically oriented synthesis of current evidence on the epidemiology, neurobiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, comorbidities, treatment, monitoring, and long-term management of ADHD in children and adolescents. Methods: This narrative clinical review used a focused PubMed/MEDLINE search covering January 1, 2018, through August 22, 2026, supplemented by foundational publications and authoritative guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, US Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Institute of Mental Health. The search identified 183 records for initial consideration. Evidence was selected purposively according to pediatric relevance, methodological rigor, clinical applicability, and regulatory status. Results: ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder arising from complex genetic, neurobiological, and environmental influences. Diagnosis remains clinical and requires developmentally inappropriate symptoms, functional impairment, childhood onset, and manifestations in more than one setting, while excluding alternative explanations. Rating scales support but do not replace comprehensive clinical assessment. Comorbid learning, anxiety, depressive, oppositional, autism spectrum, tic, sleep, and substance-use disorders can substantially influence presentation and management. Behavioral parent training is recommended as first-line treatment for preschool-aged children. For most school-aged children and adolescents with clinically significant impairment, stimulants provide the strongest evidence for reducing core symptoms, whereas atomoxetine, extended-release guanfacine, extended-release clonidine, and extended-release viloxazine are appropriate alternatives for selected patients. Effective management integrates medication when indicated with psychoeducation, behavioral strategies, school-based interventions, and treatment of comorbidities. Monitoring should address symptoms, functioning, adherence, appetite, growth, sleep, blood pressure, heart rate, mood, and medication misuse or diversion. Digital interventions may offer adjunctive benefits, but current evidence does not support replacing established treatments. Conclusions: Pediatric ADHD should be managed as a chronic, developmentally evolving condition. Accurate diagnosis, individualized multimodal treatment, systematic monitoring, and planned transition to adult services can improve symptoms and functioning. Objective biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, neurostimulation, microbiome-directed therapies, and most digital interventions remain adjunctive or investigational.
Abstract: Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood and is associated with substantial academic, behavioral, social, emotional, and health-related burdens. Contemporary care extends beyond symptom identification to include developmentally informed assessment, recognition of...
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Methodology Article
The Education of Young People in Latin America:
A Comparative Analysis
Yeran Leon Morejon*,
Leidianys de la Caridad Alvarez Riol
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
86-93
Received:
2 June 2026
Accepted:
15 June 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
Abstract: This article examines the education of young people in Latin America through a comparative analysis of educational systems, policies, and social realities across selected countries in the region. The study explores the main factors influencing youth education, including economic inequality, access to quality schooling, technological development, public investment, and cultural diversity. By comparing educational indicators such as enrollment rates, school completion, literacy levels, and access to higher education, the article identifies both progress and persistent challenges affecting young learners. The analysis highlights significant disparities between urban and rural areas, as well as among different socioeconomic groups, demonstrating how poverty and social exclusion continue to limit educational opportunities for many young people. At the same time, the article discusses innovative reforms and regional initiatives aimed at improving educational quality, digital inclusion, and equal access to learning resources. Special attention is given to the impact of globalization and technological change on educational practices and youth preparation for the labor market. The findings suggest that although many Latin American countries have expanded educational access over recent decades, structural inequalities remain a major obstacle to achieving inclusive and sustainable education. Characterization and comparison of policies and programs of such countries lead to the identification of common trends, exceptional cases and critical aspects.
Abstract: This article examines the education of young people in Latin America through a comparative analysis of educational systems, policies, and social realities across selected countries in the region. The study explores the main factors influencing youth education, including economic inequality, access to quality schooling, technological development, pu...
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Research Article
Investigating Weekday Naming in Safwa, Malila, Ndali, and Nyiha Languages: A Morphophonological Study
Pendo Mwashota*
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
94-106
Received:
25 May 2026
Accepted:
22 June 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
Abstract: This study investigates weekday naming systems in the Safwa, Malila, Ndali, and Nyiha languages spoken in the Mbeya and Songwe Regions of Tanzania, focusing on their morphophonological structures and semantic organization. The main objective was to examine how weekday names are formed, how phonological variation occurs across the four languages, and how meaning is preserved despite structural differences. The study was guided by Generative Morphophonology Theory and Lexical Semantics Theory, which explain the interaction between word formation, sound patterns, and meaning. A qualitative research design was employed. Data were collected from Mbeya District, Ileje District, and Mbozi District, covering eight villages: Simambwe, Shibolya, Ilembo Usafwa, Italazya, Iyunga, Shitete, Sigamba, Nsongwimantanji, Isongole, Itumba, Mbebe, Idiwili, Ilomba, Iyula, Izyila, Iwiji, Ndola, and Igamba. The study involved 50 individual informants and 20 participants in focus group discussions, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Documentary review was also used. Participants were mainly aged between 40 and 80 years. Data were analyzed thematically. Findings reveal that weekday names in the four languages follow a systematic morphological pattern characterized by prefixation (Lwa-, Pa-, Pach-, Pabh-) and numeral-based roots. Phonological variation such as /b/, /bh/, and /ch/ alternations was observed across languages. Despite these structural differences, semantic meaning remains stable, with weekdays consistently reflecting a numerical sequence equivalent to Swahili (Jumatatu to Jumapili). The study concludes that weekday naming in these languages is a product of structured morphophonological processes combined with stable lexical semantics. It contributes to the documentation of under-researched temporal naming systems in Bantu languages and highlights the interaction between language structure and meaning.
Abstract: This study investigates weekday naming systems in the Safwa, Malila, Ndali, and Nyiha languages spoken in the Mbeya and Songwe Regions of Tanzania, focusing on their morphophonological structures and semantic organization. The main objective was to examine how weekday names are formed, how phonological variation occurs across the four languages, an...
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Review Article
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and the Impact of Vaccine Implementation in Kenya: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
107-120
Received:
3 September 2026
Accepted:
17 September 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer, a disease that remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women in Kenya despite the availability of highly effective prophylactic vaccines. This review examines the current evidence on HPV virology, vaccine immunology, global vaccine effectiveness, and the implementation of HPV vaccination in Kenya following its introduction into the national immunization program in 2019. It also evaluates progress in vaccine delivery, coverage trends, and the adoption of the single-dose vaccination schedule, while highlighting persistent challenges including vaccine hesitancy, inequitable access, health system constraints, and socioeconomic barriers. Available evidence indicates that HPV vaccination has strengthened cervical cancer prevention efforts and has the potential to substantially reduce the future burden of HPV-related disease. However, vaccine coverage remains below the World Health Organization target for cervical cancer elimination, limiting the full public health impact of the program. Key research priorities include evaluating long-term vaccine effectiveness, monitoring HPV genotype dynamics, assessing vaccine performance among people living with HIV, and strengthening the integration of HPV vaccination with cervical cancer screening programs. Achieving equitable vaccine access, enhancing surveillance systems, improving community engagement, and ensuring sustainable financing will be essential to maximizing the benefits of HPV vaccination and accelerating progress toward the elimination of cervical cancer in Kenya.
Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer, a disease that remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women in Kenya despite the availability of highly effective prophylactic vaccines. This review examines the current evidence on HPV virology, vaccine immunology, global vaccine effectiv...
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